Glossary of Terms

Introduction

Parts of this glossary have been taken or adapted from the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Dictionary and the American Breast Cancer Society’s Breast Cancer Dictionary.

This glossary does not contain definitions of medications. To learn more about specific medications, visit the website of the National Cancer Institute.

Many thanks to the healthcare practitioners who reviewed portions of this glossary:

Mechelle Barrick, RN, BSN, OCN, Greater Baltimore Medical Center
Debra S. Copit, MD, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Ann L. Honebrink, MD, Penn Health at Radnor
Isabel I. Law, RN, South Carolina Comprehensive Breast Center
Judith Macon, RN, MA, Suburban Hospital Cancer Program
Suzanne McGettigan Bensman, MSN, CRNP, AOCN
Lisa McGinty, RN, BSN, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
Maria Rocktashel, MSN, CRNP, Delaware Valley Surgical Associates
Lynn M. Schuchter, MD, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center
Michele D. Stolper, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Fionda N. Williams, RN, BSN, Baltimore City Cancer Program

Glossary

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1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (spacial information). Also called magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.
3-D: 3-dimensional. A graphic display of depth, width, and height.
3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height.
3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure that uses a computer to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. Also called 3-dimensional radiation therapy.
3-dimensional radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure that uses a computer to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. Also called 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy.
4-hydroxytamoxifen: A form of the medication tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) that is made by the body after taking tamoxifen. It can also be made in the laboratory, and may help decrease breast density. A topical form of 4-hydroxytamoxifen is being studied in breast cancer screening.
ablation: The minimally invasive destruction of tissue or tumor mass. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, medications, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods
abnormal: Not typical or usual; different from what is expected. For example, an abnormal growth may be cancerous, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign.
action study: In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that focuses on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer.
activate: In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell.
activities of daily living: ADL. The tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone.
acupressure: Pronunciation: (AK-yoo-PRESH-er)
The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to relieve or control symptoms such as pain. It is an ancient Chinese medical procedure (a type of complementary and alternative medicine). Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acupuncture: Pronunciation: (AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to relieve or control pain and other symptoms. It is an ancient Chinese medical procedure (a type of complementary and alternative medicine). Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acustimulation: Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acute: Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly lasting for a short duration of time; not chronic.
acute pain: Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short time.
adenocarcinoma: Pronunciation: (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma)
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties. Breast cancers are often adenocarcinomas.
adenoma: Pronunciation: (ad-in-O-ma)
A noncancerous tumor; benign.
adenopathy: Pronunciation: (ad-en-OP-a-thee)
Large or swollen lymph glands.
adjunct agent: In cancer therapy, a medication or substance used in addition to the primary therapy.
adjunctive therapy: A treatment used together or in coordination with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment.
adjuvant chemotherapy: Medication given after primary treatment to increase the chances of eliminating the cancer or keeping it from advancing.
adjuvant therapy: Pronunciation: (AD-joo-vant)
Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of eliminating the cancer. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy.
advance directive: A legal document that states the treatment or care a person wishes to receive or not receive if he or she becomes unable to make medical decisions (for example, due to being unconscious or in a coma). Some types of advance directives are ""living wills"" and ""do-not-resuscitate (DNR)"" orders.
advanced breast cancer: This is breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes to another organ in the body, such as the bones, brain and liver.
adverse effect: An unwanted potentially harmful effect of treatment.
agent study: In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that tests whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer. Also a called chemoprevention study.
agglutinin: A substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass.
aggressive: A quickly growing cancer.
agonist: A medication that triggers an action from a cell or another medication.
AJCC staging system: A system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of cancer in a person's body. The descriptions include TNM: T describes the size of the tumor and if it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).
alopecia: Pronunciation: (al-oh-PEE-shuh)
The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found. Women affected by breast cancer sometimes experience alopecia as a result of certain chemotherapy treatments.
alternative medicine: Practices used instead or in conjunction with standard treatments..Alternative medicine includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
analgesic: A medication that reduces pain. Analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen (brand name: Tylenol), and ibuprofen (brand name: Advil).
anaplastic: Pronunciation: (an-ah-PLAS-tik)
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.
anecdotal report: An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more people. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals.
anemia: Pronunciation: (a-NEE-mee-a)
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. Some women affected by breast cancer experience anemia as a side effect of their treatments.
anesthesia: Pronunciation: (an-es-THEE-zha)
Medications or substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
anesthesiologist: A doctor who specializes in giving medications or other agents to prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures being done in the hospital.
anesthetic: Pronunciation: (an-es-THET-ik)
A substance that causes loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
angelica root: Pronunciation: (an-JEH-lih-kuh root)
The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas.
angiogenesis: Pronunciation: (an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis)
Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor.
angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Researchers are studying a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors for breast cancer in clinical trials. One example of an angiogenesis inhibitor is bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin).
angiogram: Pronunciation: (AN-jee-o-gram)
An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray.
angiography: Pronunciation: (an-jee-AH-gra-fee)
A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures.
antagonist: In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance. For example, a medication that blocks the stimulating effect of estrogen on a tumor cell is called an estrogen receptor antagonist.
anterior mediastinotomy: Pronunciation: (MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee)
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure.
anterior mediastinum: The area in the front part of the chest behind the breastbone and between the lungs. Also called prevascular space.
anthracycline: A type of antibiotic that comes from the fungus Streptococcus peucetius. Anthracyclines are used as chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer. For example, doxorubicin (brand name: Adriamycin) and epirubicin (brand name: Ellence) are anthracyclines.
anti angiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels.
anti angiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels.
anti angiogenic therapy: A treatment that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Researchers are studying a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors for breast cancer in clinical trials. One example of an angiogenesis inhibitor is bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin).
anti apoptotic: Something that prevents apoptosis. Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death.
antibiotic: Pronunciation: (an-tih-by-AH-tik)
A medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
antibody: Pronunciation: (AN-tih-BAH-dee)
A type of protein made by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (foreign substance). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.
antidepressant: A medication used to treat depression. Certain types of antidepressants also may be used by women affected by breast cancer to control menopausal side effects like hot flashes and insomnia.
antiemetic: A medication that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
antiestrogen: A substance that blocks the activity of estrogens, the family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. For example, tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) is an antiestrogen.
antigen: A substance that the body recognizes as foreign causing the immune system to make a specific immune response.
antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells (T Cells) of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response.
antigen-presenting cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called APC vaccine
antihormone therapy: Treatment with medications, surgery, or radiation in order to block the production or action of a hormone. Antihormone therapy may be used in breast cancer treatment because the hormones estrogen and progesterone are able to stimulate the growth of some types of breast tumors.
antimetabolite: A medication that is very similar to natural chemical metabolites in the body. The medication is so similar to the natural chemical that it is able to interfere with the normal division and functions of cells.
antimicrotubule agent: A medication that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimicrotubule agents are used as treatments for breast cancer. Also called antimitotic agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. For example, docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are antimicrotubule agents.
antimitotic agent: A medication that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimitotic agents are used as treatments for breastcancer. Also called antimicrotubule agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. For example, docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are antimicrotubule agents..
antioxidant: Pronunciation: (an-tee-OKS-i-dent)
A substance that prevents damage caused by oxidation (the interaction of oxygen with other chemicals). Oxidation produces free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that damage other molecules or cells which may lead to tissue damage or cancer. Vitamin E is a popular antioxidant..
anxiety: Pronunciation: (ang-ZY-uh-tee)
Feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness that may occur as a reaction to stress. A person with anxiety may sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a rapid heart beat. Extreme anxiety that happens often over time may be a sign of an anxiety disorder.
apoptosis: Pronunciation: (AY-pup-TOE-siss)
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death. This is the body's normal way of getting rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death.
areola: Pronunciation: (a-REE-o-la)
The area pigmentation that surrounds the nipple. Areola color ranges from light pink to dark brown.
aromatase inhibitor: Pronunciation: (a-ROW-ma-tays in-HIB-it-er)
A medication that prevents the formation of estradiol, a female hormone, by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibitors are used as a type of hormone therapy for postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include anastrozole (brand name: Arimidex), letrozole (brand name: Femara), and exemestane (brand name: Aromasin).
aspirate: Pronunciation: (AS-pi-rit)
Fluid withdrawn from a breast lump (often a cyst) .
aspiration: Pronunciation: (as-per-AY-shun)
Removal of fluid or tissue through a needle.
assay: Pronunciation: (AS-say)
A laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance.
assessment: Pronunciation: (uh-SESS-ment)
In healthcare, a process used to learn about a person's condition. This may include a complete medical history, medical tests, a physical exam, a test of learning skills, tests to find out if the person is able to carry out the tasks of daily living, a mental health evaluation, and a review of social support and community resources available to the person.
asthenia: Weakness; lack of energy and strength.
asymmetry: Lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing.
asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease or illness.
attention: Having the ability to focus on one task or topic to the exclusion of others. Some women affected by breast cancer report difficulty with tasks requiring attention during and following breast cancer treatment.
atypical hyperplasia: Pronunciation: (AY-TIP-i-kul hy-per-PLAY-zha)
A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number. Atypical lobular or ductal hyperplasia means the overactive growth of cells in the breast lobules or ducts.
autologous: Pronunciation: (aw-TAHL-o-gus)
Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA.
autologous stem cell transplantation: Pronunciation: (aw-TAH-loh-gus)
A procedure in which blood-forming stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) are removed, stored, and later given back to the same person.
autologous tumor cell: A cancer cell from an individual's own tumor.
axilla: Pronunciation: (ak-SIL-a)
The underarm or armpit.
axillary: Pronunciation: (AK-sil-air-ee)
Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.
axillary dissection: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary lymph node dissection. In this procedure, the doctor looks for the presence of breast cancer in the lymph nodes.
axillary lymph node: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee)
A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast.
axillary lymph node dissection: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee ... dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary dissection. In this procedure, the doctor looks for the presence of breast cancer in the lymph nodes.
BBB: Blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, such as chemotherapy treatments.
BBBD: Blood-brain barrier disruption. The use of medications to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer medications from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer medications may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
benign: Pronunciation: (beh-NINE)
Not cancerous. Benign breast tumors do not spread to tissues around them or to other parts of the body.
benign breast disease: Pronunciation: (bih-NYN brest dih-ZEEZ)
A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Also called fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic breast changes, and mammary dysplasia.
benign proliferative breast disease: A group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas.
benign tumor: Pronunciation: (beh-NINE)
A noncancerous breast growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
bereavement: Pronunciation: (beh-REEV-ment)
A state of sadness, grief, and mourning after the loss of a loved one.
best practice: In medicine, treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Healthcare providers are obligated to provide people with the best practice. Also called standard therapy or standard of care.
BI-RADS: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
Biafine cream: A topical preparation to reduce the risk of, and treat skin reactions to, breast cancer radiation therapy.
bias: In a clinical trial, a flaw in the study design or method of collecting or interpreting information. Biases can lead to incorrect conclusions about what the study or trial showed.
bilateral: Affecting both the right and left sides of the body. A bilateral mastectomy is surgery to remove both the right and left breast.
bilateral cancer: Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts or both ovaries.
bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: Pronunciation: (by-LAT-uh-ral pro-fi-LAK-tik mas-TEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove both breasts in order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called preventive mastectomy.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
bioavailable: The ability of a medication or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a medication or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body.
biochanin A: An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent breast cancer.
biofeedback: A method of learning to voluntarily control certain body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension with the help of a special machine. Some women affected by breast cancer use this method to help control pain.
biologic agent: A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of breast cancer and other diseases. Also called targeted agents. Biologic agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biological agent or biological medication. An example of a biologic agent is trastuzumab (brand name: Herceptin).
biological response modifier therapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul ...)
BRM therapy. Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by breast cancer treatment. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological therapy.
biological therapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
biomarker: A substance sometimes found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of biomarker may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer) and CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers. Also called tumor marker.
biopsy: Pronunciation: (BY-op-see)
The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist to see whether breast cancer is present. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy, core biopsy, or fine-needle aspiration.
biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether breast cancer is present.
biotherapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight breast cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by cancer treatment. Also called biological therapy, immunotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
birth defect: When a baby is born with a physical or mental abnormality that developed while in the womb. Women undergoing certain breast cancer treatments should not become pregnant because of the risk of birth defects.
bisphosphonate: A type of medication used to build and strengthen bone, treat osteoporosis and manage bone pain caused by bone metastasis (breast cancer that has spread to the bone) . Bisphosphonates may be used in women affected by breast cancer who are at risk for bone loss or for bone metastasis. Also called diphosphonate. An example of a bisphosphonate is alendronate sodium (brand name: Fosamax).
black cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
black snakeroot: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
blessed thistle: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Blessed thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called St. Benedict's thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
blinded study: A type of study in which the participants (single-blinded) or the participants and their doctors (double-blinded) do not know which medication or treatment is being given to the participant. The opposite of a blinded study is an open label study.
blood: The liquid pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes. Blood completes circulation through the body in 20 seconds.
blood cell count: A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called complete blood count (CBC).
blood chemistry study: A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances made in the body. An abnormal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that produces it.
blood thinner: A medication that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called an anticoagulant.
blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products through a blood vessel.
blood vessel: A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
blood-brain barrier: A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as chemotherapy treatments) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain.
blood-brain barrier disruption: BBBD. The use of medications to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, such as chemotherapy treatments, but can also prevent anticancer medications from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer medications may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
BMD: Bone mineral density. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
body image: How a person feels about how he or she looks. After breast cancer treatment, some people experience changes in their body image.
bone density: Pronunciation: (DEN-sih-tee)
A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass.
bone marrow: The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones. It produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
bone marrow transplantation: Pronunciation: (trans-plan-TAY-shun)
A procedure to replace bone marrow that has been destroyed by treatment with high doses of chemotherapy treatments or radiation. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin).
bone mass: A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mineral density (BMD).
bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the bone.
bone mineral density: Pronunciation: (DEN-sih-tee)
BMD. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
bone pain: Discomfort in bone, sometimes referred to as joint pain or muscle pain. Bone pain may be a side effect of some breast cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery or hormonal therapy. Women with bone metastasis may experience bone pain as a symptom of their diagnosis.
bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. This test looks to see whether or where breast cancer has spread to the bones.
bone-seeking radioisotope: A radioactive substance that is given through a vein, and collects in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to the bone. It kills cancer cells by giving off low-level radiation.
boron neutron capture therapy: A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
boronophenylalanine-fructose complex: BPA-F. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA-F is injected into a vein, and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The person then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BPA-F, producing radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
botanical: Having to do with, or derived from, plants.
brachytherapy: Pronunciation: (BRA-kee-THAYR-uh-pee)
A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a breast tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.
brain metastasis: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the brain.
BRCA1: A gene on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA1 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
BRCA2: A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
breakthrough pain: Intense increases in pain that occur with rapid onset even when pain-control medication is being used. Breakthrough pain can occur spontaneously or in relation to a specific activity.
breast: Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
breast augmentation: Surgery to increase the size of the breast. Sometimes women who undergo reconstructive surgery after mastectomy also have breast augmentation on the unaffected breast to keep the two breasts symmetrical.
breast cancer in situ: Abnormal cells that are confined to the ducts or lobules in the breast. There are two forms, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
breast conservation therapy: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-sparing surgery.
breast conserving therapy: The surgical removal of a portion of the breast as well as a small amount of breast tissue that contains and surrounds the tumor.
breast density: Describes the relative amount of different tissues present in the breast. A dense breast has less fat than glandular and connective tissue. Mammogram films of breasts with higher density are harder to read and interpret than those of less dense breasts. Pre-menopausal women tend to have denser breasts than post-menopausal women.
breast duct endoscopy: A method used to examine the lining of the breast ducts to look for abnormal tissue. A very thin, flexible, lighted tube attached to a camera is inserted through the nipple, and threaded into the breast ducts deep in the breast. Tissue and fluid samples may be removed during the procedure.
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
breast implant: A silicone gel-filled or saline-filled sac placed under the chest muscle to restore breast shape.
breast pain: Pain in the breast or mammary gland. Breast pain does not necessarily indicate breast cancer; it may be caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle or during peri-menopause. Also called breast tenderness.
breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy.
breast self-exam: An exam by a woman of her breasts to check for lumps, masses, thickening, or other changes.
breast tenderness: Pain or tenderness in the breast or mammary gland. Breast tenderness does not necessarily indicate breast cancer; it may be caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle or during peri-menopause. Also called breast pain.
breast-conserving surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-sparing surgery.
breast-sparing surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-sparing surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-conserving surgery.
Brief Pain Inventory: A questionnaire used to measure pain.
BSH: Sodium borocaptate. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BSH is injected into a vein and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The person then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BSH and make radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
bugbane: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugwort.
bugwort: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugbane.
burdock: Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called lappa and happy major.
c-erbB-2: The gene that controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu.
CA-125: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of ovarian or breast cancer.
CA-125 test: A blood test that measures the level of CA-125, a protein found in blood, other body fluids and some tissues. Increased levels of CA-125 may be a sign of ovarian or breast cancer.
CA-15-3: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-15-3 test: A test for the presence of a protein that when found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-27-29: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-27-29 test: A test for the presence of a protein that when found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
cachexia: Pronunciation: (ka-KEK-see-a)
Loss of body weight and muscle mass, and weakness that may occur in people with breast cancer, AIDS, or other chronic diseases.
CAD: Computer-aided detection and diagnosis. This relatively new technology uses a computer program to help radiologists detect signs of breast cancer on a mammogram.
calcification: Calcium is a mineral found in the bones but it also circulates in the bloodstream and is deposited in many different types of tissue in the body, including the breast. Calcification helps the body in the healing processes. In the breast, calcium is most commonly a sign of a benign (non-cancerous) disease or problem. Early breast cancer can also show up as calcium deposits. It is one of many things a radiologist looks for when reading a mammogram.
calcium: Pronunciation: (KAL-see-um)
A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.
calcium carbonate: A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for breast cancer prevention.
CAM: Complementary and alternative medicine. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
cancer of unknown primary origin: A case in which cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined.
cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer.
candidiasis: Pronunciation: (kan-dih-DY-uh-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of breast cancer chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidosis or thrush.
candidosis: Pronunciation: (kan-dih-DOH-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of breast cancer chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidiasis or thrush.
carcinogen: Pronunciation: (kar-SIN-o-jin)
Any substance that causes cancer.
carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
carcinoma in situ: Pronunciation: (KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
Cancer that involves only cells in the tissue in which it began and that has not spread to nearby tissues. For example, in the breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) means cancer cells that are confined to the duct and have not invaded surrounding tissue.
carcinostatic: Pronunciation: (KAR-sin-o-STAT-ik)
Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer.
cardiac: Having to do with the heart.
cardin: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Cardin may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called blessed thistle, St. Benedict's thistle, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs.
cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart.
cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.
cardiovascular disease: Any condition having to do with the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases include coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke and hardening of the arteries.
carotenoid: A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. Carotenoids may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
case manager: A nurse or other healthcare practitioner who coordinates the treatment of a woman affected by breast cancer throughout her treatment. The case manager helps the woman formulate questions for the healthcare team, work with insurance companies and identify resources for her and her caregivers.
case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual person. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the individual (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin).
case series: A group or series of case reports involving people who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individuals. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment.
case-control study: A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called a retrospective study.
CAT scan: Computerized axial tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT scan) or computerized tomography.
catheter: Pronunciation: (KATH-i-ter)
A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.
cauterization: Pronunciation: (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)
The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance.
cauterize: Pronunciation: (KOT-uh-rize)
To destroy tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. This process may be used to kill certain types of small tumors or to seal off blood vessels to stop bleeding.
CBC: Complete blood count. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count.
cell: The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cell differentiation: The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
cell motility: The ability of a cell to move.
cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
cell respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also called oxidative metabolism, aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration.
cell-cycle regulation: Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle. During the cell cycle, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and other contents, and divides in two. When cell cycle regulation doesn't happen correctly, cells may divide in an uncontrolled way, and diseases such as breast cancer can occur.
cell-to-cell signaling: The transfer of information from one cell to another.
cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.
cellular adoptive immunotherapy: A treatment used to help the immune system fight breast cancer. A individual's T cells (a type of white blood cell) are collected and grown in the laboratory to increase the number of T cells that are able to kill the person's breast cancer cells. These breast cancer-specific T cells are given back to the person to help the immune system fight the breast cancer.
cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.
cellulitis: An infection of the skin that causes it to become warm and tender and may also cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and blisters.
certification: Healthcare providers who are board certified have been highly trained in their field. (Elyse, please list examples of some of the types of breast cancer doctors that are certified)
cervical: Pronunciation: (SER-vih-kul)
Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck.
cervical node: Lymph nodes that are found in the neck.
Chamberlain procedure: A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called anterior mediastinotomy.
chaplain: Pronunciation: (CHA-plin)
A member of the clergy in charge of a chapel or who works with the military or with an institution, such as a hospital.
chemo brain: Also called cognitive dysfunction. A side effect reported by some women who undergo chemotherapy treatment that encompasses difficulty with a variety of cognitive functions, including short-term memory, attention, learning and multi-tasking.
chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the breast tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically and anticancer medications are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of medcine to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.
chemoimmunotherapy: Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses different medications to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells; immunotherapy uses treatments to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight breast cancer.
chemoprevention: Pronunciation: (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun)
The use of medications to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, breast cancer.
chemoprevention studies: In cancer prevention clinical trials, studies test whether taking certain medicines can prevent breast cancer. Also called agent studies.
chemoprotective: A quality of some medications used in breast cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer medications.
chemoradiation: Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiotherapy.
chemoradiotherapy: Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiation.
chemosensitivity: The susceptibility of tumor cells to the cell-killing effects of anticancer medications.
chemosensitivity assay: A laboratory test that measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by a cancer medication. The test is done after the tumor cells are removed from the body. A chemosensitivity assay may help in choosing the best medications for the particular breast cancer.
chemosensitizer: A medication that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.
chemotherapeutic agent: A medication used to treat breast cancer.
chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with medications that kill cancer cells.
chest wall: The muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
chest wall recurrence: When a primary breast cancer spreads to the muscles, bones or joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
chest x-ray: An x-ray of the structures inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of radiation that passes through the chest onto film or onto a digital plate, creating pictures of the lungs, heart and bones of the chest, which can be used to diagnose some diseases.
Chinese rhubarb: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, da-huang, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
cholesterol: Pronunciation: (kuh-LESS-tuh-rawl)
A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products.
chromosome: Pronunciation: (KRO-mo-some)
Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
chronic: Pronunciation: (KRAHN-ik)
A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time.
chronic pain: Pain that can range from mild to severe, and persists or progresses over a long period of time.
circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system.
clavicle: Collar bone.
cleaved: Having to do with the appearance of cells when viewed under a microscope. The nucleus of cleaved cells appears divided or segmented.
clergy: Pronunciation: (KLUR-jee)
Ordained individuals who perform spiritual and/or religious functions.
clinical: Having to do with the examination and treatment of people.
clinical breast exam: An exam of the breast performed by a healthcare provider to check for lumps or other changes.
clinical practice guidelines: Guidelines developed to help healthcare professionals and those they help make decisions about screening, prevention, or treatment of a specific health condition.
clinical resistance: The failure of a breast cancer to shrink after treatment.
clinical series: A type of clinical (not laboratory) research in which the participants receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility.
clinical study: A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. Also called a clinical trial.
clinical trial: A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. Also called a clinical study.
cnicin: A substance found in certain plants, including blessed thistle. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Cnicin belongs to a group of substances called sesquiterpene lactones.
co-culture: A mixture of two or more different kinds of cells that are grown together.
cobalt 60: A radioactive form of the metal cobalt, which is used as a source of radiation to treat breast cancer.
cognition: The ability of the mind to perceive, learn and reason.
cognitive dysfunction: Also called chemo brain. A side effect reported by some women who undergo chemotherapy treatment that encompasses difficulty with a variety of cognitive functions, including short-term memory, attention, learning and multi-tasking.
cohort study: A research study that compares a particular outcome (such as breast cancer) in groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke compared with those who do not smoke).
combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer medication.
comedo carcinoma: A type of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, an early-stage breast cancer). It tends to be more aggressive than other types of DCIS
comfort care: Care given to improve the quality of life of people who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of comfort care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of the disease, side effects caused by treatment of the disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to the disease or its treatment. Also called palliative care, supportive care, and symptom management.
comorbidity: The condition of having two or more diseases at the same time.
compassionate use trial: A way to provide an investigational therapy to a person who is not eligible to receive that therapy in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. Also called expanded access trial.
complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment used in addition to (complementary) or instead of standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
complementary medicine: Practices often used to enhance or complement standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches because they typically are not subjective to rigorous scientific studies before they are utilized. Complementary medicine may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
complete blood count: CBC. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count.
complete hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called total hysterectomy.
complete metastasectomy: Pronunciation: (meh-TAS-ta-SEC-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove all tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary breast tumor.
complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of breast cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the breast cancer will not return. Also called a complete response.
complete response: The disappearance of all signs of breast cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer will not return. Also called a complete remission.
complex decongestive therapy: Also called CDT. A common treatment for lymphedema that includes a combination of skin care, exercise, bandaging, compression sleeves and light massage.
compound: Pronunciation: (KOM-pownd)
In science, a substance that is made up of more than one ingredient.
compression bandage: A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area.
concurrent therapy: A treatment that is given at the same time as another.
conditioned stimulus: A situation in which one signal, or stimulus, is given just before another signal. After this happens several times, the first signal alone can cause the response that would usually need the second signal.
congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues.
connective tissue: Supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs. Specialized connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, blood, and fat.
consecutive case series: A clinical study that includes all eligible participants identified by the researchers during the study registration period. The participants are treated in the order in which they are identified. This type of study usually does not have a control group.
constipation: Pronunciation: (KAHN-stih-PAY-shun)
A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don't happen very often. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements, and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
contiguous: Touching or very close together.
continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time.
contracture: A capsule or shell of dense scar tissue that may form around a breast implant.
contraindication: A symptom or medical condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable because a person is likely to have a bad reaction. For example, having a bleeding disorder is a contraindication for taking aspirin because treatment with aspirin may cause excess bleeding.
contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body.
control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works.
controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all.
controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group.
conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment.
conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy.
cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that a new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for.
core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample from the breast with a needle for examination under a microscope.
corpus: The body of the uterus.
corticosteroid: Corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of breast cancer and its treatment.
cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses.
COX-2 inhibitor: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication used to relieve pain and inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors are being studied in the prevention of colon polyps, and as anticancer medications for breast cancer.
cultured cell: A human, plant, or animal cell that has been adapted to grow in the laboratory.
cultured cell line: Cells of a single type (human, animal, or plant) that have been adapted to grow continuously in the laboratory and are used in research.
cumulative dose: In medicine, the total amount of a medication or radiation given to a person over time; for example, the total dose of radiation given in a series of radiation treatments.
cutaneous: Pronunciation: (kyoo-TAY-nee-us)
Having to do with the skin.
cutaneous breast cancer: Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin.
cyanosis: Blue-colored skin caused by too little oxygen in the blood.
cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: COX-2 inhibitor. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication used to relieve pain and inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors are being studied in the prevention of colon polyps, and as anticancer drugs. (same question as above)
cyst: Pronunciation: (sist)
A sac in the breast (or other parts of the body) filled with fluid. Cysts are usually benign (not cancerous). The best way to diagnose a cyst is with ultrasound. Occasionally, the fluid needs to be removed.
cystosarcoma phyllodes: CSP. A type of tumor found in breast tissue. It typically grows quickly but that does not mean it is malignant. It is usually benign (not cancer), but may be malignant (cancer). Also called phyllodes tumor.
cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells.
cytoplasm: The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm.
cytotoxic: Cell-killing.
cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells.
cytotoxic T cell: A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific cells. T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to destroy tumor cells. Certain cytokines can also be given to a patient to help form cytotoxic T cells in the person's body.
da-huang: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, Chinese rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
Data Safety and Monitoring Committee: An impartial group that oversees a clinical trial and reviews the results to see if they are acceptable. This group determines if the trial should be changed or closed.
DCIS: Ductal carcinoma in situ. A noninvasive, stage 0 cancer in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive. Factors that seem to play a role in predicting future invasive breast cacners include the size of the area affected by DCIS, the degree of cancerous change in the abnormal cells and, in women having surgery which conserves the breast, the width of the margins surrounding the tumor when it has been removed. Because of this uncertainty, women with DCIS may be given the option to undergo certain breast cancer treatments. Also called intraductal carcinoma and noninvasive duct carcinoma.
de novo: Pronunciation: (dih NO-vo)
In breast cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body.
deficiency: In medicine, a shortage of a substance (such as a vitamin or mineral) needed by the body.
dehydration: A condition caused by the loss of too much water from the body. Severe diarrhea, or vomiting or inability to take in fluids can cause dehydration.
delayed-type hypersensitivity response: DTH. An inflammatory response that develops 24 to 72 hours after exposure to a substance (known as an antigen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This type of immune response involves mainly T cells rather than antibodies (which are made by B cells).
dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.
dendritic cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
dense breast: Breasts that contain more glandular and connective tissue than fat. Premenopausal women tend to have denser breasts. Breast density makes mammograms more difficult to interpret
deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
depression: Pronunciation: (dee-PREH-shun)
A mental condition marked by ongoing feelings of sadness, despair, loss of energy, and difficulty dealing with normal daily life. Other symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of pleasure in activities, changes in eating or sleeping habits, and thoughts of death or suicide. Depression can affect anyone, and can be successfully treated. Depression affects 15-25% of people affected by cancer.
diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.
diagnostic mammogram: X-ray of the breasts used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of breast cancer has been found.
diagnostic procedure: A method used to aid in the identification of a disease.
diagnostic trial: A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease.
diameter: The length of a straight line that extends from one edge of a breast tumor or other object, through its center and to the opposite edge. It is usually used to measure the size of round or spherical shapes.
diaphragm: Pronunciation: (DYE-a-fram)
The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen.
diarrhea: Frequent and watery bowel movements.
DIEP flap: A type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP), and the skin and fat connected to them, are removed from the lower abdomen and used for reconstruction. Muscle is left in place.
dietary supplement: Vitamins, minerals, or other substances taken by mouth, and intended as an addition to the diet.
dietitian: Pronunciation: (dy-uh-TIH-shun)
A health professional with special training in nutrition who can help with dietary choices. Also called a nutritionist.
differentiation: In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably.
diffuse: Widely spread; not localized or confined.
digital mammography: A technique that uses a computer, rather than x-ray film, to record x-ray images of the breast.
dimpling: Any pucker or indentation on the skin of the breast. Any dimpling of the breast should be checked by a healthcare provider.
diphosphonate: A medication used to treat osteoporosis and the bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Also called bisphosphonate.
disease progression: For breast cancer, disease that continues to grow or spread.
disease-free survival: Length of time after treatment during which no breast cancer is found. Can be reported for an individual or for a study population.
disease-specific survival: The percentage of participants in a study who have survived a particular disease for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. In calculating this percentage in studies of breast cancer, only deaths from breast cancer are counted. Subjects who died from some other cause, such as heart disease, are not included in the calculation.
disorder: Pronunciation: (diss-ORE-der)
In medicine, a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body. Disorders may be caused by many factors including genetic abnormalities, , disease, or trauma.
disseminate: Pronunciation: (dih-SEM-ih-NATE)
Scatter or distribute over a large area or range.
distal: In medicine, refers to a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part. For example, the fingers are distal to the shoulder. The opposite is proximal.
distant cancer: Refers to breast cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also known as distant metastasis or advanced breast cancer.
distant metastasis: Refers to breast cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also known as distant cancer or advanced breast cancer. Common sites of distant metastasis in breast cancer are the bone, liver, and brain.
distraction: In medicine, a pain relief method that takes the person's attention away from the pain.
diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
DNR order: Do not resuscitate order. A type of advance directive in which a person states that healthcare providers should not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (restarting the heart) if his or her heart or breathing stops.
do not resuscitate order: Pronunciation: (... ree-SUH-sih-TAYT ...)
DNR order. A type of advance directive in which a person states that healthcare providers should not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (restarting the heart) if his or her heart or breathing stops.
dose: The amount of medicine taken, or radiation given, at one time.
dose-dense chemotherapy: A chemotherapy treatment plan in which medications are given with less time between treatments than in a standard chemotherapy treatment plan.
dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a medication. If the effects change when the dose is changed, the effects are said to be dose-dependent.
dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a medication or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.
dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time.
dosimetrist: Pronunciation: (do-SIM-uh-trist)
A person who determines the proper radiation dose for treatment.
double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving.
doubling time: Pronunciation: (DUH-bling ...)
In biology, the amount of time it takes for one cell to divide or for a group of cells (such as a tumor) to double in size. The doubling time is different for different kinds of cancer cells or tumors.
DPA: Durable power of attorney. A document that gives a person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) the authority to make legal or financial decisions for another person. It may become active immediately, or when that person loses the ability to make decisions for himself or herself, depending on how it is written.
drain: In medicine, to remove fluid as it collects; or, a tube or wick-like device used to remove fluid from a body cavity, wound, or infected area. After breast surgery, many women are given a drain to help remove fluid from the surgical area.
drug resistance: The failure of cancer cells, viruses, or bacteria to respond to a medication used to kill or weaken them. The cells, viruses, or bacteria may be resistant to the medication at the beginning of treatment, or may become resistant after being exposed to the medication.
drug tolerance: A condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed to achieve the desired effect.
duct: Pronunciation: (dukt)
In medicine, a tube or vessel of the body through which fluids pass.
ductal carcinoma: The most common type of breast cancer. It begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.
ductal carcinoma in situ: Pronunciation: (DUK-tal KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
DCIS. A noninvasive, stage 0 cancer in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive. Factors that seem to play a role in predicting future invasive breast cancers include the size of the area affected by DCIS, the degree of cancerous change in the abnormal cells and, in women having surgery which conserves the breast, the width of the margins surrounding the tumor when it has been removed. Because of this uncertainty, women with DCIS may be given the option to undergo certain breast cancer treatments. Also called intraductal carcinoma and noninvasive duct carcinoma.
ductal lavage: Pronunciation: (DUK-tal luh-VAHZ)
A method used to collect cells from milk ducts in the breast. A hair-size catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple, and a small amount of salt water is released into the duct. The water picks up breast cells, and is removed. The cells are checked under a microscope. Ductal lavage may be used in addition to clinical breast examination and mammography to detect breast cancer.
durable power of attorney: Pronunciation: (DUR-uh-bul ... uh-TUR-nee)
DPA. A document that gives a person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) the authority to make legal or financial decisions for another person. It may become active immediately, or when that person loses the ability to make decisions for himself or herself, depending on how it is written.
dysfunction: A state of not functioning normally.
dysgeusia: A bad taste in the mouth. Also called parageusia.
dyspepsia: Upset stomach.
dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
dysplasia: Pronunciation: (dis-PLAY-zha)
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer.
dyspnea: Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath.
edema: Pronunciation: (eh-DEE-ma)
Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues.
efficacy: Effectiveness. In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a medication or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect.
EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor. A protein found on the surface of some cells to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, causing these tumor cells to divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1.
egg: Also called egg cell or ovum. The female reproductive cell.
egg freezing: A procedure in which the mature eggs harvested from the ovaries are removed and frozen for later use. Some women affected by breast cancer choose to harvest and freeze their eggs to protect them from potential damage resulting from breast cancer treatments.
egg harvesting: A procedure in which the ovaries are stimulated to mature several eggs, which are removed and frozen for later use. Some women affected by breast cancer choose to harvest and freeze their eggs to protect them from potential damage resulting from breast cancer treatments.
electroacupuncture: A procedure in which pulses of weak electrical current are sent through acupuncture needles into acupuncture points in the skin. The effectiveness of this procedure in the prevention of nausea and vomiting in people undergoing chemotherapy is being studied.
electron beam: A stream of electrons (small negatively charged particles found in atoms) that is used in radiation therapy.
electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscope shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope.
electroporation therapy: EPT. A treatment that uses electrical pulses to stimulate an electrode that has been placed within the area of a tumor. The goal of EPT is to use the electrical pulses to enhance the ability of anticancer medications to enter tumor cells.
eligibility criteria: In clinical trials, this term refers to the requirements that must be met for an individual to be included in a study. These requirements help ensure that participants in a trial are similar to each other in terms of specific factors such as age, type and stage of breast cancer, general health, and previous treatment(s). When all participants meet the same eligibility criteria, it gives researchers greater confidence that results of the study are caused by the intervention being tested and not by other factors, including chance.
embolism: Pronunciation: (EM-bul-izm)
A block in an artery caused by blood clots or other substances, such as fat globules, infected tissue, or cancer cells.
embolization: Pronunciation: (EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun)
The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be performed as atreatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor.
embryo: The earliest stage in the development of a plant or an animal. In vertebrate animals (those that have a backbone or spinal column), this stage lasts from shortly after fertilization of an egg until all major body parts appear. In human beings, this stage lasts from about two weeks after fertilization until the end of the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy.
embryo freezing: A procedure in which the ovaries are stimulated to mature several eggs that are then removed and fertilized with sperm in the lab, creating embryos to freeze for later use. Some women affected by breast cancer choose to undergo this procedure to increase the chances of preserving their fertility after breast cancer treatments.
embryonic: Having to do with an embryo. This is an early stage in the development of a plant or animal.
emesis: A common medical term for vomiting.
emodin: A substance found in certain plants, including rhubarb. It belongs to a family of compounds called anthraquinones, which have shown anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in early clinical research.
emotional response: An individual's emotions or feelings about a breast cancer diagnosis. These feelings may can change through time depending upon the person's diagnosis, treatment and psychological makeup.
encapsulated: Pronunciation: (en-KAP-soo-lay-ted)
Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue.
endocrine: The internal secretion of substances (hormones) into the blood or lymphatic system. Many body organs secrete substances to regulate day-to-day bodily functions. Together these organs are referred to as the endocrine system.
endocrine therapy: Also called hormone therapy, hormonal therapy, or hormone treatment. A type of treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones from the body to slow or stop the growth of some types of breast cancers. Endocrine therapy may consist of synthetic hormones or other medications that block the body's natural hormones. Certain surgical procedures, such as removing a woman's ovaries, may also be a means to remove hormones from the body.
endocrinologist: Pronunciation: (en-do-krih-NAH-lo-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone- (or endocrine-) related disorders.
endogenous: Developing from or produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production.
endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus).
endometrial biopsy: A procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) for examination under a microscope. A thin tube is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and gentle scraping and suction are used to remove the sample.
endometrial disorder: Refers to any type of disorder relating to the endometrium, the layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
endometrial hyperplasia: An abnormal overgrowth of the endometrium (the layer of cells that lines the uterus). There are four types of endometrial hyperplasia: simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex endometrial hyperplasia, simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, and complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia. These differ in terms of how abnormal the cells are and how likely it is that the condition will become cancerous.
endometriosis: Pronunciation: (en-do-mee-tree-O-sis)
A benign condition in which endometrial tissue grows in abnormal places outside the uterus but within the pelvic cavity, such as the ovaries or the bladder.
endometrium: Pronunciation: (en-do-MEE-tree-um)
The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
endpoint: In clinical trials, an event or outcome that can be measured objectively to determine whether the intervention being studied is beneficial. The endpoints of a clinical trial are usually included in the study objectives. Some examples of endpoints are survival, improvements in quality of life, relief of symptoms, and disappearance of the breast tumor.
energy: Also called vital energy. Having the ability to take part in work or activity. Many women affected by breast cancer report changes in their energy level during and following treatment.
enteral nutrition: Also called tube feeding. A form of nutrition that is delivered into the digestive system as a liquid through a small feeding tube that empties into the stomach. People who are unable to meet their needs with food and beverages alone, and who do not have gastrointestinal problems like nausea, vomiting, or uncontrollable diarrhea, may be given tube feedings. Tube feeding can be used to meet or increase the nutritional needs of a person unable to take in enough nutrients on their own. A small feeding tube may be placed through the nose into the stomach or deeper into the small intestine, usually for short-term management of nutritional needs. A rube also may be surgically placed into the stomach or the intestinal tract through an opening made on the outside of the abdomen for longer-term nutritional management.
enzyme: A protein that speeds up or induces reactions in the body. For example, tumor cells secrete enzymes to allow them to grow more rapidly than normal cells.
eosinophil: A type of white blood cell that plays an active role in allergy responses.
eosinophilia: A condition in which the number of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood is greatly increased. Eosinophilia is often a response to infection or allergens (substances that cause an allergic response).
epidemiology: The study of the patterns, causes, and control of disease in groups of people.
epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. A protein found on the surface of some cells to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, causing these tumor cells to divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1.
epinephrine: Also called adrenaline. A hormone and neurotransmitter secreted in large amounts in response to fear and stress.
epithelial carcinoma: Pronunciation: (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul kar-sin-O-ma)
Cancer that begins in the cells that line an organ (epithelial cells).
epithelial cell: Pronunciation: (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul)
Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body that form the epithelium.
epithelial ovarian cancer: Pronunciation: (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul)
Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries (epithelial cells of the ovary).
epithelium: Pronunciation: (EP-ih-THEE-lee-um)
A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.
epitope: Pronunciation: (EP-i-tope)
A part of a molecule (or antigen) that an antibody will recognize and bind to.
EPT: Electroporation therapy. A treatment that uses electrical pulses to stimulate an electrode that has been placed within the area of a tumor. The goal of EPT is to use the electrical pulses to enhance the ability of anticancer medications to enter tumor cells.
ER: Estrogen receptor. A protein found on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen will attach.
ER+: Estrogen receptor positive. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
ER-: Estrogen receptor negative. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
ErbB1: A protein found on the surface of some cells to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, causing these tumor cells to divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as EGFR or HER1.
erogenous zone: Parts of the body that, when touched or stimulated, arouse sexual feelings.
ERT: Estrogen replacement therapy. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to postmenopausal women or to women who have had their ovaries surgically removed. Hormones are given to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries.
erythema: Redness of the skin.
erythrocyte: Pronunciation: (eh-RITH-ro-site)
Also called a red blood cell (RBC). A cell that travels through the bloodstream and carries oxygen to all parts of the body.
estradiol: A form of the hormone estrogen that is produced by the ovaries.
estradiol level: The amount of the natural hormone estrogen circulating in a woman's body.
estrogen: The female sex hormone responsible for the development of secondary female sex characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle and embryo development.
estrogen receptor: Pronunciation: (ES-truh-jin)
A protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some breast cancer cells. The hormone estrogen will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow.
estrogen receptor negative: ER-. Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
estrogen receptor positive: ER+. Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
estrogen receptor test: A lab test to determine if breast cancer cells have estrogen receptors. If the cells have estrogen receptors, these tumor cells may depend on estrogen for growth. This information may influence how the breast cancer is treated.
etiology: The study of factors that cause disease and how diseases originate.
evaluable disease: A term used in clinical trials that refers to tumors or disease that cannot be directly measured (cannot be measured by size). Malignant fluid in the abdomen, fluid in the lungs, and bone disease are examples of disease that can be assessed but not directly measured.
evaluable patients: People participating in a clinical trial whose response to treatments can be statistically reported because enough information has been collected about their response to treatment.
excision: Pronunciation: (ek-SI-zhun)
Removal by surgery, such as a tumor by cutting.
excisional biopsy: Pronunciation: (ek-SI-zhun-al BY-op-see)
A surgical procedure in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed for evaluation. The tissue is then examined under a microscope for diagnosis.
expanded access trial: Also called compassionate use trial. A way to provide an investigational therapy to a person who is not eligible to receive that therapy in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available.
experimental: Also called investigational. In clinical trials, refers to a medication (including a new medicine, dose, combination, or route of administration) or procedure that has undergone basic testing and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be tested in human beings. A medicine or procedure may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition but be considered experimental in other diseases or conditions.
external radiation: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
Also called external-beam radiation. Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays topically at the breast cancer.
external-beam radiation: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
Also called external radiation. Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays topically at the breast cancer.
extract: Pronunciation: (EK-strakt)
In medicine, a concentrated preparation of a substance obtained from plants, animals, or bacteria and used as a medicine or in medications.
fallopian tube: Pronunciation: (fa-LO-pee-in)
A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
false-negative test result: A test result that indicates that a person does not have a specific disease or condition when the person actually does have the disease or condition.
false-positive test result: A test result that indicates that a person has a specific disease or condition when the person actually does not have the disease or condition.
familial cancer: Breast cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These breast cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of breast cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors.
family history: A record of a person's current and past illnesses, and those of his or her parents, brothers, sisters, children, and other family members. A family history shows the pattern of certain diseases in a family, and helps to determine risk factors for those and other diseases.
fat necrosis: A benign (noncancerous) breast condition in which lumps of fatty material form in response to a blow or bruise to the breast.
fatigue: A condition marked by extreme tiredness and inability to function due lack of energy. Fatigue may be acute or chronic and may be caused by many factors.
fatty acid: A major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
fatty-replaced breast tissue: A term used in mammography that refers to the replacement of breast tissue with fatty tissue. This commonly occurs as a woman ages.
fear: An unpleasant emotional state marked by feelings of anxiety or apprehension surrounding an event or situation that a person believes is a threat.
febrile neutropenia: A condition marked by fever and decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. Having too few neutrophils increases the risk of infection.
fertile: Pronunciation: (FER-tul)
Having the capacity to reproduce (bear) children
fertility: Pronunciation: (fer-TIL-i-tee)
The ability to reproduce (bear) children.
fetus: Pronunciation: (FEET-us)
Refers to the developing embryo during the period of approximately seven to eight weeks after conception until birth.
fiber: Also called bulk or roughage. The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Fiber may be effective in preventing cancer.
fibrin sealant: A type of surgical glue that is made from human blood-clotting proteins, and that is used during surgery to control bleeding.
fibroadenoma: A benign (noncancerous) breast tumor made up of fibrous and glandular tissue. Fibroadenomas are more common in pre-menopausal women.
fibroblast: A connective tissue cell that makes and secretes collagen proteins.
fibrocystic breast changes: Pronunciation: (FY-broh-SISS-tik)
Also called benign breast disease, fibrocystic breast disease, and mammary dysplasia. A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause.
fibrocystic breast disease: Pronunciation: (FY-broh-SISS-tik brest dih-ZEEZ )
Also called benign breast disease, fibrocystic breast changes, and mammary dysplasia. A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause.
fibroid: Pronunciation: (FYE-broyd)
A benign smooth-muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma.
fibromatosis: A condition in which multiple fibromas develop. Fibromas are tumors (usually benign) that affect connective tissue.
filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently.
fine-needle aspiration: Pronunciation: (as-per-AY-shun)
FNA. The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. Some women receive a fine-needle aspiration of the breast lump.
first-degree relative: A biologically related parent, sibling or child.
first-line therapy: The first time a specific therapy is given for a condition or disease.
FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization. A laboratory test that measures the amount of amplification of a certain gene in breast cancer cells. The FISH test is sometimes used to determine whether a breast cancer cell has too much of the HER2/neu protein. Results of this test may help determine treatment options.
five-year relative survival rate: The total number of people who live at least five years after their breast cancer is diagnosed, excluding those individuals who are ill with other diseases.
five-year survival rate: The number of people who live at least five years after their breast cancer is diagnosed.
flavonoid: A member of a group of substances found in many plants and plant-based foods. Flavonoids have shown antioxidant effects.
flaxseed: Also called linseed. The seed of the flax plant. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid, fiber, and a compound called lignin.
flow cytometry: A method of measuring the number of cells in a sample, the percentage of live cells in a sample, and certain characteristics of cells, such as size, shape, and the presence of tumor markers on the cell surface. The cells are stained with a light-sensitive dye, placed in a fluid, and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light. The measurements are based on how the light-sensitive dye reacts to the light.
fludeoxyglucose F 18: The radioactive form of glucose used in positron emission tomography (PET), a diagnostic imaging procedure.
fludrocortisone: A synthetic corticosteroid. It is used to replace steroid hormones normally produced by the adrenal gland.
fluid: A substance in its liquid state.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization: FISH. A laboratory test that measures the amount of amplification of a certain gene in breast cancer cells. The FISH test is sometimes used to determine whether a breast cancer cell has too much of the HER2/neu protein. Results of this test may help determine treatment options.
focal: In terms of cancer, limited to a specific area.
folate: Also called folic acid. A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent.
follicle: Pronunciation: (FOL-i-kul)
A sac or pouch-like cavity.
follicle stimulating hormone: FSH. The hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates eggs to form in a woman's ovaries. Women who have had chemotherapy treatment may undergo an FSH test to see whether their ovaries are still functioning.
follow-up: Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends.
fractionation: In radiation therapy, dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a specified interval, such as several days. This principle also can be applied to giving medication.
free radical: A highly reactive chemical that often contains oxygen and is produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons (a process called oxidation). Free radicals can damage important cellular molecules such as DNA or lipids or other parts of the cell.
frozen section: The quick-freezing of a thin slice of tissue from a breast tumor to examine under a microscope.
FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone. The hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates eggs to form in a woman's ovaries. Women who have had chemotherapy treatment may undergo an FSH test to see whether their ovaries are still functioning.
fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus.
G-Spot: Grafenberg spot. A sensitive area on the upper wall of the vagina about two inches from the opening that when stimulated brings on intense sexual feelings.
Gail model: A computer program that uses personal and family history to estimate a woman's chance of developing breast cancer.
galactocele: A clogged milk duct or a cyst filled with milk. Galactoceles sometimes form in the breast during breastfeeding.
gallium scan: A procedure to detect areas of the body where cells are dividing rapidly. It is used to locate breast cancer cells or areas of inflammation. A very small amount of radioactive gallium is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The gallium is taken up by rapidly dividing cells in the bones, tissues, and organs and is detected by a scanner. This test is rarely used today.
gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays.
gamma knife: Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single treatment session. Often used on cancer that has traveled to the brain.
gamma ray: A type of high-energy radiation that is different from an x-ray.
gamma scanning: Pronunciation: (GA-muh SKAN-ing)
A procedure to find areas in the body where cells, such as breast tumor cells, are dividing rapidly. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein or swallowed, and travels through the bloodstream. A machine called a scanner measures the radioactivity and produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The pictures can show abnormal changes in the area of the body containing the radioactive material. Examples of gamma scans include PET scans, gallium scans, and bone scans. Also called radionuclide scanning.
ganglioside: A complex molecule that contains both lipids (fats) and carbohydrates (sugars) and is found in the plasma (outer) membrane of many kinds of cells. Several different types of gangliosides have been identified. Some vaccines for cancer are directed to the ganglioside, which is often found on cancer cells.
garden heliotrope: Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in people undergoing breast cancer treatment. Also called valerian, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Pacific valerian, Mexican valerian, and Valerianae radix.
garden valerian: Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in people undergoing breast cancer treatment. Also called valerian, Indian valerian, Pacific valerian, Mexican valerian, garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix.
gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
gene deletion: The total loss or absence of a gene.
gene expression profiling: A research method that measures messenger RNA made from many different genes in various cell types. It is being used as a diagnostic test to help identify subgroups of breast tumor types, to help predict which people may respond to treatment, and which people may be at increased risk for cancer relapse.
gene mutation: A change in a gene so it does not work in the normal way. Mutations to the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene put a person at greater risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer than those who do not have the mutation.
gene therapy: Treatment that alters a gene. In studies of gene therapy for breast cancer, researchers are trying to improve the body's natural ability to fight the disease or to make the breast cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
gene transfer: The insertion of genetic material into a cell.
gene-modified: Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
general anesthesia: Pronunciation: (an-es-THEE-zha)
Medications that cause loss of feeling or awareness and put the person to sleep.
generic: Official nonbrand names by which medicines are known. Generic names usually refer to the chemical name of the medication.
genetic: Inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring through genes in sperm and egg cells.
genetic analysis: The study of a sample of DNA to look for mutations (changes) that may increase risk of disease or affect the way a person responds to treatment.
genetic counseling: A communication process between a specially trained health professional and a person concerned about the genetic risk of disease. The person's family and personal medical history may be discussed, and counseling may lead to genetic testing.
genetic markers: Alterations in DNA that may indicate an increased risk of developing a specific disease or disorder.
genetic susceptibility: An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease.
genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.
genistein: An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent breast cancer.
genitourinary system: Pronunciation: (GEN-ih-toe-YOO-rin-air-ee)
The parts of the body that play a role in reproduction, getting rid of waste products in the form of urine (i.e. bladder and kidney), or both.
genome: The complete genetic material of an organism.
germ cell: A reproductive cell of the body. Germ cells are egg cells in females and sperm cells in males.
germ cell tumor: A type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. Germ cell tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.
germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection.
German Commission E: The German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices Commission E. A committee made up of scientists, toxicologists, doctors, and pharmacists formed by the German government in 1978 to find out if herbs sold in Germany are safe and effective. The Commission has published information on the uses, side effects, and drug interactions of more than 300 herbs.
germline mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Breast cancer gene mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 are germline mutations. Also called hereditary mutation.
ginger: Zingiber officianale. An herb with a root that has been used in cooking, and by some cultures to treat nausea, vomiting, and certain other medical conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by breast cancer chemotherapy.
ginseng: An herb with a root that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects.
gland: An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.
glucose: A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms.
glutamine: An amino acid used in nutrition therapy. It is also being studied for the treatment of diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis.
glutathione: A substance found in plant and animal tissues that has many functions in a cell. These include activating certain enzymes and destroying toxic compounds and chemicals that contain oxygen.
glutathione S-transferase: A family of enzymes involved in metabolism and in making toxic compounds less harmful to the body.
Glycine max: A plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soy products contain isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of breast cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soy products in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Also called soy, soya, and soybean.
glycolysis: A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy. When glycolysis is linked with other enzyme reactions that use oxygen, more complete breakdown of glucose is possible and more energy is produced.
glycopeptide: A short chain of amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) that has sugar molecules attached to it. Some glycopeptides have been studied for their ability to stimulate the immune system.
glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it.
glycoprotein 100: gp100. A tumor-specific antigen used in the development of breast cancer vaccines.
GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. A hormone made by the hypothalamus (part of the brain). GnRH causes the pituitary gland to make luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These hormones are involved in reproduction.
gonad: The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis).
gonadotropin-releasing hormone: GnRH. A hormone made by the hypothalamus (part of the brain). GnRH causes the pituitary gland to make luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). These hormones are involved in reproduction.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist: A hormone made in the laboratory that has the same effect as the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced naturally by the body.
grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer.
grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions.
Grafenberg spot: G-spot. A sensitive area on the upper wall of the vagina about two inches from the opening that when stimulated brings on intense sexual feelings.
granulocyte: Pronunciation: (GRAN-yoo-lo-site)
A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes.
granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. Low white blood counts increase the risk for infection.
gray elm: Ulmus fulva or Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called slippery elm, Indian elm, red elm, and sweet elm.
green tea extract: A substance that is being studied in the prevention of breast cancer. It is made from decaffeinated green tea, and contains chemicals called catechins, which are antioxidants.
groin: The area where the thigh meets the abdomen. Also known as the inquinal area.
growth factor: A substance made by the body that functions to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy.
gynecologic: Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
gynecologic cancer: Pronunciation: (guy-neh-ko-LAH-jik)
Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
gynecologic oncologist: Pronunciation: (guy-neh-ko-LAH-jik on-KOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive organs.
gynecologist: Pronunciation: (guy-neh-KAH-lo-jist)
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs.
Halsted radical mastectomy: Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this was the breast cancer operation used most often, but it is used rarely now. Doctors consider radical mastectomy only when the tumor has spread to the chest muscles. Also called radical mastectomy.
hamartoma: Pronunciation: (ham-ar-TOE-ma)
A benign (noncancerous) growth made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.
hand-foot syndrome: A condition marked by pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the hands or feet. It sometimes occurs as a side effect of certain breast cancer medications. Also known as palmar-plantar erythodysthesia.
happy major: Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called burdock and lappa.
hawthorn fruit: The fruit of the hawthorn tree or bush. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including heart problems and gastrointestinal problems.
HCP: Healthcare proxy. A type of advance directive that gives a person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) the authority to make healthcare decisions for another person. It becomes active when that person loses the ability to make decisions for himself or herself.
Hedyotis diffusa: An herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical problems. It has been used to boost the immune system and may have anticancer effects.
helical computed tomography: A detailed picture of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. Also called spiral CT scan.
helper T cell: A type of white blood cell that helps stimulate immune system reactions. Helper T cells help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by secreting cytokines. They also stimulate B cells to make antibodies.
hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
hematogenous: Originating in the blood or spread through the bloodstream.
hematologist: Pronunciation: (hee-ma-TOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders.
hematoma: Blood collected outside a blood vessel caused by a leak or injury. Hematomas can occur in the breast after an injury or surgery.
hematopoiesis: The forming of new blood cells.
hematopoietic growth factor: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature.
hematopoietic tissue: Tissue in which new blood cells are formed.
hemoglobin: Pronunciation: (HE-muh-GLOW-bun)
The substance inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the tissues.
hemorrhage: In medicine, loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage may be internal or external, and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short time.
hepatic: Refers to the liver.
hepatic arterial infusion: A procedure to deliver chemotherapy directly to the liver. Catheters are put into an artery in the groin that leads directly to the liver, and medications are given through the catheters.
hepatic artery: The major blood vessel that carries blood to the liver.
hepatic portal vein: A blood vessel that carries blood to the liver from the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder. Also called portal vein.
HER family: Related epidermal growth factor receptors found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing some cells to divide. Elevated expression of the various EGFR family members have been found in some breast cancers. When they are found, these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor.
HER1: Epidermal growth factor receptor. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, including some breast cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as EGFR or ErbB1.
HER2/neu: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The HER2/neu protein is involved in the growth of some breast cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
HER2/neu gene: The gene that makes the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The protein produced is HER2/neu, which is involved in the growth of some breast cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
herba scutellaria barbatae: An herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects.
hereditary: Pronunciation: (ha-RED-ih-tair-ee)
Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes.
hereditary mutation: A gene change in the body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from parents to offspring. Breast cancer gene mutations are hereditary. Also called germline mutation.
heterogeneous: Made up of elements or ingredients that are not alike.
heterogenic: Pronunciation: (het-er-o-JEN-ik)
Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous.
heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic.
high grade: When referring to cancerous and precancerous growths, a term used to describe cells that look abnormal under a microscope. These cells are more likely to grow and spread quickly than cells in low-grade cancerous and precancerous growths.
high-dose chemotherapy: An intensive treatment to kill breast cancer cells, but that also destroys the bone marrow and can cause other severe side effects. High-dose chemotherapy is usually followed by bone marrow or stem cell transplantation to rebuild the bone marrow.
high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy: A type of internal breast cancer radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy or remote brachytherapy.
high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy: A type of internal breast cancer radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy or remote brachytherapy.
high-energy photon therapy: A type of breast cancer radiation therapy that uses high-energy photons (units of light energy). High-energy photons penetrate deeply into tissues to reach tumors while giving less radiation to superficial tissues such as the skin.
high-risk cancer: Breast cancer that is likely to recur (come back), or spread.
hilar: Refers to the area where nerves and blood vessels attach to an organ.
histologic examination: The examination of tissue specimens under a microscope.
histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope.
histone: A type of protein found in chromosomes. Histones bind to DNA, help give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.
histone deacetylase: HDAC. An enzyme that changes the way histone binds to DNA. HDAC inhibitors are being studied as a treatment for cancer.
historic cohort study: A research study in which the medical records of groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) are compared for a particular outcome (such as breast cancer). Also called a retrospective cohort study.
historical control subject: An individual treated in the past and used in a comparison group when researchers analyze the results of a clinical study that had no control group. The use of a control, or comparison, group helps researchers determine the effects of a new treatment more accurately.
holy thistle: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Holy thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called blessed thistle, St. Benedict's thistle, cardin, and spotted thistle.
homeopathic medicine: An alternative approach to medicine based on the belief that natural substances, prepared in a special way and used most often in very small amounts, restore health. According to these beliefs, in order for a remedy to be effective, it must cause in a healthy person the same symptoms being treated in the sick person. Also called homeopathy.
hormonal therapy: Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. To slow or stop the growth of some breast cancers, synthetic hormones or other medications may be given to block the body's natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone. Also called hormone therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy.
hormone: A chemical made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be made in a laboratory.
hormone level: The level of some chemicals made by glands in the body.
hormone receptor: A protein on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone causes many changes to take place in the cell.
hormone receptor negative: Breast cancer cells that do not grow in the presence of estrogen or progesterone.
hormone receptor positive: Breast cancer cells that grow in the presence of estrogen or progesterone.
hormone receptor test: A test to measure the amount of certain proteins, called hormone receptors, in breast cancer tissue. Hormones can attach to these proteins. A high level of hormone receptors may mean that hormones help the breast cancer grow.
hormone replacement therapy: HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to replace the hormones no longer produced by the ovaries. Also called menopausal hormone therapy.
hormone responsive: In oncology, describes breast cancer that responds to hormone treatment.
hormone therapy: Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. To slow or stop the growth of some breast cancers, synthetic hormones or other medications may be given to block the body's natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone. Also called hormonal therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy.
hormone treatment: Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. To slow or stop the growth of some breast cancers, synthetic hormones or other drugs may be given to block the body's natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone. Also called hormonal therapy, hormone therapy, or endocrine therapy.
hospice: Pronunciation: (HOS-pis)
A program that provides special care for people who are near the end of life and for their families, either at home, in freestanding facilities, or within hospitals.
hot flash: A sudden, temporary onset of body warmth, flushing, and sweating (often associated with menopause). Hot flashes are a side effect of some breast cancer treatments.
hotspot: In genetics, an area of DNA that is likely to mutate (change).
HRT: Hormone replacement therapy. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to replace the hormones no longer produced by the ovaries. Also called menopausal hormone therapy.
Huang Lian: A Chinese herb that has been used as a treatment for a variety of medical problems. It is being studied as an anticancer drug.
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2: HER2/neu. The HER2/neu protein is involved in growth of some breast cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
hydration: Combining with water.
hygiene: Pronunciation: (HY-jeen)
The science of health, and the practice of cleanliness that promotes good health and well-being.
hyperalimentation: A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. Hyperalimentation does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of vomiting that won't stop, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins and minerals a person needs using parenteral nutrition. Also known as parenteral or total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
hypericum perforatum: St. John's wort. An herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for depression. It is being studied for its ability to lessen certain side effects of breast cancer treatment.
hyperplasia: Pronunciation: (hye-per-PLAY-zha)
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
hypersensitivity: An exaggerated response by the immune system to a medication or other substance.
hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure.
hyperthermia therapy: Pronunciation: (hy-per-THER-mee-a)
A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs.
hyperthermic perfusion: A procedure in which a warmed solution containing anticancer medications is used to bathe, or is passed through the blood vessels of, the tissue or organ containing the tumor.
hypervascular: Having a large number of blood vessels.
hypnosis: A trance-like state in which a person becomes more aware and focused and is more open to suggestion.
hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar.
hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure.
hypothesis: A tentative proposal made to explain certain observations or facts that requires further investigation to be verified.
hypoxia: A condition in which there is a decrease in the oxygen supply to a tissue. In breast cancer treatment, the level of hypoxia in a tumor may help predict the response of the tumor to the treatment.
hypoxic: Having too little oxygen.
hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the uterus and, sometimes, the cervix. When the uterus and part or all of the cervix are removed, it is called a total hysterectomy. When only the uterus is removed, it is called a partial hysterectomy.
idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause.
IHC: Immunohistochemistry. A laboratory test that uses antibodies to detect particular proteins or receptors in cells or tissue samples. IHC tests may be used to help determine whether breast cancer cells have hormone receptors or too much of the HER2/neu protein. Results from IHC can help determine breast cancer treatment options.
IL-1: interleukin-1. A type of biological response modifier that stimulates immune system cells that fight disease, and is involved in inflammatory responses. There are two forms of IL-1, IL-1 alfa and IL-1 beta. Both forms of IL-1 are produced by the body, and can also be made in the laboratory.
IL-1-alfa: Interleukin-1-alfa. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's response to infection and disease). IL-1-alfa stimulates the growth and action of immune system cells that fight disease. IL-1-alfa is normally produced by the body, but it can also be made in the laboratory. Also called IL-1-alpha.
IL-11: Interleukin-11. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease) that stimulates immune response and may reduce toxicity to the gastrointestinal system resulting from cancer therapy. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. Also called oprelvekin.
IL-12: Interleukin-12. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and may interfere with blood flow to the tumor. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
IL-2: Interleukin-2. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and may interfere with blood flow to the tumor. These substances are normally produced by the body. Aldesleukin is IL-2 that is made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
IL-3: Interleukin-3. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
IL-4: Interleukin-4. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease) that enhances the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
IL-6: Interleukin-6. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease). These substances are normally produced by the body, but they can also be made in the laboratory.
IM: Intramuscular. Within or into muscle.
imagery: A technique in which the person focuses on positive images in his or her mind. Some people use imagery to help manage side effects of breast cancer treatment.
imaging: Tests that produce pictures of areas inside the body.
imaging procedure: A method of producing pictures of areas inside the body.
immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease.
immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection.
immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).
immune system: Pronunciation: (im-YOON)
The complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infections and other diseases.
immune system tolerance: The failure of the immune system to respond to an antigen that previously caused an immune response.
immunization: A technique used to cause an immune response that results in resistance to a specific disease, especially an infectious disease.
immunoassay: A test that uses the binding of antibodies to antigens to identify and measure certain substances. Immunoassays may be used to diagnose disease. Also, test results can provide information about a disease that may help in planning treatment (for example, when estrogen receptors are measured in breast cancer).
immunocompetence: The ability to produce a normal immune response.
immunocompetent: Having the ability to produce a normal immune response.
immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments.
immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease.
immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response.
immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody.
immunohistochemistry: IHC. A laboratory test that uses antibodies to detect particular proteins or receptors in cells or tissue samples. IHC tests may be used to help determine whether breast cancer cells have hormone receptors or too much of the HER2/neu protein. Results from IHC can help determine breast cancer treatment options.
immunological adjuvant: A substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed.
immunology: The study of the body's immune system.
immunomodulation: Change in the body's immune system, caused by agents that activate or suppress its function.
immunoscintigraphy: An imaging procedure in which antibodies labeled with radioactive substances are given to the person. A picture is taken of sites in the body where the antibody localizes.
immunostimulant: A substance that increases the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease.
immunosuppression: Suppression of the body's immune system and its ability to fight infections or disease. Immunosuppression may be deliberately induced with medications, as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation to prevent rejection of the donor tissue. It may also result from certain diseases such as AIDS or lymphoma or from anticancer medications.
immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses.
immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as medications given to prevent transplant rejection.
immunotherapy: Pronunciation: (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight breast cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by breast cancer treatment. Also called biological therapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
immunotoxin: An antibody linked to a toxic substance. Some immunotoxins can bind to breast cancer cells and kill them.
implant: A substance or object that is put in the body as a prosthesis, or for treatment or diagnosis. Some women who have mastectomies choose to get a breast implant during reconstructive surgery.
implant radiation: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a breast tumor. Also called brachytherapy, internal radiation, or interstitial radiation.
implantable pump: A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of medication.
in situ cancer: Early breast cancer that has not spread to neighboring tissue.
in vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body).
in vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory).
incidence: The number of new cases of breast cancer diagnosed each year.
incision: Pronunciation: (in-SIH-zhun)
A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
incisional biopsy: Pronunciation: (in-SIH-zhun-al BY-op-see)
A surgical procedure in which a portion of a breast lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope.
incontinence: Pronunciation: (in-KAHN-tih-nens)
Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence).
incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.)
Indian cress: Nasturtium officinale. Parts of the flowering plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects. Also called watercress.
Indian elm: Ulmus fulva or Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called slippery elm, gray elm, red elm, and sweet elm.
Indian rhubarb: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, da-huang, Chinese rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
Indian valerian: Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called valerian, garden valerian, Pacific valerian, Mexican valerian, garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix.
indication: In medicine, a sign, symptom, or medical condition that leads to the recommendation of a treatment, test, or procedure.
indolent: Pronunciation: (IN-doe-lint)
A type of breast cancer that grows slowly.
induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the breast cancer and in evaluating response to medications and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever breast cancer remains.
infection: Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body's natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some breast cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system.
infertile: Unable to produce children.
infertility: The inability to produce children.
infiltrating cancer: Breast cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called invasive cancer.
infiltrating ductal carcinoma: The most common type of invasive breast cancer. It starts in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast, grows outside the ducts, and often spreads to the lymph nodes.
inflammation: Pronunciation: (in-fla-MAY-shun)
Redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of heat in an area of the body. This is a protective reaction to injury, disease, or irritation of the tissues.
inflammatory: Having to do with inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, and a feeling of heat that helps protect tissues affected by injury or disease).
inflammatory breast cancer: A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin.
informed consent: A process in which a person learns key facts about a clinical trial, including potential risks and benefits, before deciding whether or not to participate in a study. Informed consent continues throughout the trial.
infraclavicular nodes: Lymph nodes located beneath the collar bone.
infusion: A method of putting fluids, including medications, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion.
ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth.
inhalation: In medicine, refers to the act of taking a substance into the body by breathing.
inherited: Transmitted through genes that have been passed from parents to their offspring (children). Breast cancer genes are inherited.
injection: Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or medicationsinto the body; often called a "shot."
inoperable: Describes a breast cancer that cannot be treated by surgery.
insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. Insomnia is a potential side effect of some breast cancer treatments.
instillation: In medicine, a method used to put a liquid into the body slowly or drop by drop.
Institutional Review Board: IRB. A group of scientists, doctors, clergy, and consumers at each healthcare facility that participates in a clinical trial. IRBs are designed to protect study participants. They review and must approve the action plan for every clinical trial. They check to see that the trial is well designed, does not involve undue risks, and includes safeguards for participants.
intensity-modulated radiation therapy: IMRT. A type of 3-dimensional breast cancer radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor.
intercalator: In biochemistry, a type of molecule that binds to DNA and inserts itself into the DNA structure. Some intercalators are used as treatments for breast cancer.
interferon: Pronunciation: (in-ter-FEER-on)
A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infections and other diseases). Interferons interfere with the division of breast cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma. The body normally produces these substances. They are also made in the laboratory to treat breast cancer and other diseases.
interleukin: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
A biological response modifier (substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that helps the immune system fight infection and breast cancer. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-1: IL-1. A type of biological response modifier that stimulates immune system cells that fight disease, and is involved in inflammatory responses. There are two forms of IL-1, IL-1 alfa and IL-1 beta. Both forms of IL-1 are produced by the body, and can also be made in the laboratory.
interleukin-1-alpha: IL-1-alpha. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease). IL-1-alpha stimulates the growth and action of immune system cells that fight disease. IL-1-alpha is normally produced by the body, but it can also be made in the laboratory. Also called IL-1-alfa.
interleukin-11: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-11. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that stimulates immune response and may reduce toxicity to the gastrointestinal system resulting from cancer therapy. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. Also called oprelvekin.
interleukin-12: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-12. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that enhances the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and may interfere with blood flow to the tumor. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-2: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-2. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that stimulates the growth of certain disease-fighting blood cells in the immune system. These substances are normally produced by the body. Aldesleukin is IL-2 that is made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-3: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-3. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that enhances the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-4: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-4. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that enhances the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-6: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-6. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease). These substances are normally produced by the body, but they can also be made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
interleukin-7: Pronunciation: (in-ter-LOO-kin)
IL-7. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to infection and disease) that enhances the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. IL-7 is made by cells in the bone marrow, and can stimulate T cells and B cells to grow. IL-7 can also be made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases.
internal radiation: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a breast tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.
interstitial radiation therapy: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a breast tumor. Also called brachytherapy, internal radiation, or implant radiation.
intervention group: The group receiving the study agent that is being tested in a clinical trial or clinical study.
intestinal: Having to do with the intestines.
intestinal villi: Tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They contain blood vessels and help absorb nutrients.
intestine: Pronunciation: (in-TES-tin)
The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel.
intracarotid infusion: The introduction of fluids and medicationsdirectly into the carotid artery, the main artery in the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain.
intracavitary: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-KA-vuh-tayr-ee)
Within a cavity or space, such as the abdomen, pelvis, pleura, or chest.
intracavitary radiation: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-KA-vuh-tayr-ee ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure in which a radioactive source (implant) is placed in a body cavity such as the chest cavity or the vagina.
intracellular: Inside a cell.
intradermal: Within the dermis, which is the layer of skin below the epidermis (outermost layer).
intraductal carcinoma: Pronunciation: (in-tra-DUK-tal KAR-si-NO-ma)
A noninvasive, early breast cancer condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, intraductal carcinoma may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive. Also called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
intraductal papilloma: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-DUK-tul PA-pih-LOH-muh)
A benign (noncancerous), wart-like growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually found close to the nipple and may cause a clear, sticky, or bloody discharge from the nipple. It may also cause pain and a lump in the breast that can be felt or seen. It usually affects women aged 35-55 years. Having an intraductal papilloma does not increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
intraepithelial: Pronunciation: (in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul)
Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ.
intrahepatic: Pronunciation: (in-tra-hep-AT-ik)
Within the liver.
intrahepatic bile duct: A bile duct that passes through and drains bile from the liver.
intrahepatic infusion: The delivery of anticancer medications directly to the blood vessels of the liver.
intralesional: Within a cancerous area, for example, within a tumor in the skin.
intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle.
intramuscular injection: Injection into muscle.
intraoperative radiation therapy: IORT. Radiation treatment aimed directly at a breast tumor during surgery.
intraperitoneal: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul)
IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs).
intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment in which anticancer medications are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube.
intraperitoneal infusion: A method of delivering fluids and medications directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. Also called peritoneal infusion.
intraperitoneal radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul ray-dee-AY-shun)
Treatment in which a radioactive liquid is put directly into the abdomen through a thin tube.
intrapleural: Within the pleural cavity.
intratumoral: Within a tumor.
intravenous: Pronunciation: (in-tra-VEE-nus)
IV. Within a blood vessel (vein).
intravenous injection: IV. Injection into a vein.
invasive cancer: Breast cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer.
invasive ductal cancer: Breast cancer that began in the ducts of the breast and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissue. Also called infiltrating ductal cancer.
invasive lobular cancer: Breast cancer that began in the lobules of the breast and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissue. Also called infiltrating lobular cancer.
invasive procedure: A medical procedure that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body.
investigational: In clinical trials, refers to a medication (including a new medicine, dose, combination, or route of administration) or procedure that has undergone basic laboratory testing and received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be tested in human beings. A medicine or procedure may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition, but be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental.
investigator: A researcher in a clinical trial or clinical study.
inviable: Not able to survive.
ionizing radiation: Pronunciation: (I-uh-NIZE-ing ray-dee-AY-shun)
A type of radiation made (or given off) by x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter the earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. At high doses ionizing radiation increases chemical activity inside cells and can lead to health risks, including breast cancer.
IORT: Intraoperative radiation therapy. Radiation treatment aimed directly at a breast tumor during surgery.
IP: Intraperitoneal. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs).
ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body; for example, having cancer in the same breast.
IRB: Institutional Review Board. A group of scientists, doctors, clergy, and consumers at each healthcare facility that participates in a clinical trial. IRBs are designed to protect study participants. They review and must approve the action plan for every clinical trial. They check to see that the trial is well designed, does not involve undue risks, and includes safeguards for participants.
irradiated: Treated with radiation.
irradiation: Pronunciation: (ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun)
The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill breast cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy.
irreversible toxicity: Side effects that are caused by toxic substances or something harmful to the body and do not go away.
isoflavone: An estrogen-like substance made by some plants, including the soy plant. Soy isoflavones are being studied in the prevention of breast cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density).
isointense: Having the same intensity as another object. Used to describe the results of imaging tests, such as x-rays, MRIs, or CT scans.
isomer: One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.
isthmus: Pronunciation: (iz-muhs)
A narrow part inside the body that connects two larger structures.
IU: International unit. A unit of measurement based on the International System of Units. This system defines units to measure length, time, mass, electric current, temperature, light intensity, and the amount of a substance. It can be used to express measurements of fat-soluble vitamins and some hormones, enzymes, and medications.
IV: Intravenous (in-tra-VEE-nus). Injected into a blood vessel (vein).
jaw necrosis: Also called "dead jaw," osteonecrosis of the jaw. Painful exposed bone in the jaw. Women who undergo radiation or chemotherapy or who receive steroids as part of breast cancer treatment are at increased risk for this condition. Women who take bisphosphonates may also be at risk for jaw necrosis.
joint pain: Discomfort in the joint, sometimes referred to as pain in the bone or in muscles around the bone. Joint pain may be a side effect of some breast cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery or hormonal therapy. Women with bone metastasis may experience join pain as a symptom of their diagnosis.
Karnofsky Performance Status: KPS. A standard way of measuring the ability of people with cancer to perform ordinary tasks. The Karnofsky Performance scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score means the person is better able to carry out daily activities. KPS may be used to determine a person's prognosis, to measure changes in a person's ability to function, or to decide if a person could be included in a clinical trial.
kelp: Laminaria digitata. A type of seaweed. The stem-like parts of this plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have immunostimulatory and anticancer effects.
killer cell: A white blood cell that attacks tumor cells and body cells that have been invaded by foreign substances.
KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status. A standard way of measuring the ability of people with cancer to perform ordinary tasks. The Karnofsky Performance scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score means the person is better able to carry out daily activities. KPS may be used to determine a person's prognosis, to measure changes in a person's ability to function, or to decide if a person could be included in a clinical trial.
L-carnitine: A form of carnitine, which is a substance made in the muscles and liver. It can be given as a supplement to prevent and treat carnitine deficiency in people who are receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. Also called levocarnitine.
laboratory study: Research done in a laboratory. These studies may use test tubes or animals to find out if a medication, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Laboratory studies take place before any testing is done in human beings.
laboratory test: A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time.
lacrimal gland: A gland that secretes tears. The lacrimal glands are found in the upper, outer part of each eye socket.
lactate dehydrogenase: Pronunciation: (LAK-tayt dee-hy-DRAH-juh-nayz)
LDH. One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount of LDH in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase.
lactic acid dehydrogenase: One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactate dehydrogenase.
lactoferrin: Pronunciation: (LAK-toh-fayr-in)
A protein that is found in milk, tears, mucus, bile, and some white blood cells and is being studied in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. It is involved in fighting against infection and inflammation and it acts as an antioxidant.
LAK cell: A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called a lymphokine-activated killer cell.
lappa: Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called burdock and happy major. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
laser: Pronunciation: (LAY-zer)
A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.
laser surgery: A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a breast tumor.
laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill breast cancer cells.
late effects: Side effects of cancer treatment that appear months or years after treatment has ended. Late effects include physical and mental problems and second breast cancers.
latent: Describes a condition that is present but not active or causing symptoms.
lavender oil: Lavendula angustifolia. Oil from the flowering lavendar plant, an evergreen shrub that has been used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. Lavender oil is being studied for its potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
Lavendula angustifolia.: Lavender. An evergreen shrub that has been used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. Oil from lavendar is being studied for its potential benefits in the prevention and treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
laxative: A substance that promotes bowel movements.
LCIS: Lobular carcinoma in situ. Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase. One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase.
lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants.
LED therapy: Light-emitting diode therapy. Treatment with medications that become active and may kill breast cancer cells when exposed to light. LED therapy is a type of photodynamic therapy, which uses a special type of light to activate the medicine.
LEEP: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure. A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop excision.
leiomyoma: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called fibroid.
leiomyosarcoma: A malignant (cancerous) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis.
leptomeningeal metastases: Breast cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
lesion: Pronunciation: (LEE-zhun)
An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (noncancercous) or malignant (cancerous).
leukocyte: Pronunciation: (LOO-ko-site)
A white blood cell. Refers to a blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin. White blood cells include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells. These cells are made by bone marrow and help the body fight infection and other diseases.
leukopenia: Pronunciation: (LOO-ko-PEE-nya)
A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: A rare, inherited predisposition to multiple cancers, caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
libido: The desire for sexual intimacy. A breast cancer diagnosis and some breast cancer treatments may impact libido.
ligation: Pronunciation: (lye-GAY-shun)
The process of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow to a part of the body or to a breast tumor.
light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light.
light-emitting diode therapy: LED therapy. Treatment with medications that become active and may kill breast cancer cells when exposed to light. LED therapy is type of photodynamic therapy that uses a special type of light to activate the medicine.
lignan: A member of a group of substances found in plants that have shown estrogenic and anticancer effects. Lignans have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
linac: A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat breast cancer. Also called linear accelerator.
linear accelerator: A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat breast cancer. Also called linac.
linseed: The seed of the flax plant. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid, fiber, and a compound called lignin. Also called flaxseed.
lipid: Fat.
lipophilic: Able to dissolve, be dissolved in, or absorb lipids (fats).
liposomal: A medicine preparation that contains the active medicine in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated medicine is absorbed better, and its distribution to the breast tumor site is improved.
liver: A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile.
liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver.
liver function test: A blood test to measure the blood levels of certain substances released by the liver. A high or low level of certain substances can be a sign of liver disease.
liver metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the liver.
liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner.
LMB-1 immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to breast tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-2 immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to breast tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-7 immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to breast tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-9 immunotoxin: A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to breast tumor cells and kills them.
lobe: A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, thyroid, or brain.
lobectomy: Pronunciation: (lo-BEK-toe-mee)
The removal of a lobe.
lobular carcinoma: Breast cancer that begins in the lobules (the glands that make milk) of the breast. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which abnormal cells are found only in the lobules. When breast cancer has spread from the lobules to surrounding tissues, it is invasive lobular carcinoma. LCIS does not become invasive lobular carcinoma very often, but having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast.
lobular carcinoma in situ: Pronunciation: (LOB-yoo-lar KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
LCIS. A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. LCIS seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
lobule: Pronunciation: (LOB-yule)
A small lobe or a subdivision of a lobe.
local anesthesia: Pronunciation: (an-es-THEE-zha)
Medications that cause a temporary loss of feeling in one part of the body. The person remains awake but has no feeling in the part of the body treated with the anesthetic.
local cancer: An invasive malignant breast cancer confined entirely to the organ where the cancer began.
local recurrence: A breast cancer that returns to the same area that was originally treated. A local recurrence is different from advanced (metastatic) breast cancer, which means the breast cancer has spread from the original area to a distant part of the body.
local therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the breast tumor and the area close to it.
localization: Pronunciation: (LO-kal-ih-ZAY-shun)
The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site.
localized: Restricted to the site of origin, without evidence of spread.
locally advanced cancer: Cancer that has spread only to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.
loop electrosurgical excision procedure: Pronunciation: (eh-LEK-tro-SER-juh-kal ek-SI-zhun)
LEEP. A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop excision.
loop excision: Pronunciation: (ek-SI-zhun)
A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP).
low grade: When referring to cancerous and precancerous growths, a term used to describe cells that look nearly normal under a microscope. These cells are less likely to grow and spread quickly than cells in high-grade cancerous or precancerous growths.
lower GI series: X-rays of the colon and rectum (lower gastrointestinal tract) that are taken after a person is given a barium enema.
lubricant: Pronunciation: (LOO-brih-kant)
An oily or slippery substance.
lump: a mass in the breast or other part of the body. The presence of a breast lump does not necessarily mean a person has breast cancer.
lumpectomy: Pronunciation: (lump-EK-toe-mee)
The surgical removal of a portion of the breast as well as a small amount of breast tissue that contains and surrounds the tumor.
lung: One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
lung metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the lung.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: LH-RH. A hormone that stimulates the production of sex hormones in men and women.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist: Pronunciation: (LOO-tin-eye-zing. . .AG-o-nist)
LH-RH agonist. A medication that inhibits the secretion of sex hormones. In men, LH-RH agonist causes testosterone levels to fall. In women, LH-RH agonist causes the levels of estrogen and other sex hormones to fall.
lymph: Pronunciation: (limf)
The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph gland: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph glands filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph node.
lymph node: Pronunciation: (limf node)
A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph gland.
lymph node dissection: Pronunciation: (limf node dis-EK-shun)
A surgical procedure in which lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain breast cancer. Also called lymphadenectomy.
lymph node drainage: The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a particular lymph node.
lymph node mapping: The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain breast tumor cells. Also called lymphatic mapping.
lymph vessel: Pronunciation: (limf)
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain breast cancer. For a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymph node dissection.
lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.
lymphangiogram: Pronunciation: (lim-FAN-jee-o-gram)
An x-ray of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphangiography: Pronunciation: (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gra-fee)
An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphatic basin: A group of lymph nodes that receives and filters lymph that flows from a certain area of the body. Special dyes may be used to stain and identify the lymphatic basin in the tissues around a tumor, so that lymph nodes that may contain breast cancer can be removed and checked by a pathologist.
lymphatic fluid: Pronunciation: (lim-FAT-ik)
The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymph.
lymphatic mapping: The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain breast tumor cells. Also called lymph node mapping.
lymphatic system: Pronunciation: (lim-FAT-ik SIS-tem)
The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.
lymphatic vessel: Pronunciation: (lim-FAT-ik)
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymph vessel.
lymphedema: Pronunciation: (LIMF-eh-DEE-ma)
A condition in which excess fluid collects in tissue and causes swelling. It may occur in the arm or leg after lymph vessels or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin are removed or treated with radiation. Women who have lymph node dissections as part of breast cancer treatment are at risk for developing lymphedema.
lymphoblast: A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen. Lymphoblasts look like immature lymphocytes, and were once thought to be precursor cells.
lymphocyte: Pronunciation: (LIM-fo-site)
A type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases.
lymphocytic: Pronunciation: (lim-fo-SIT-ik)
Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
lymphography: An x-ray study of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels made visible by the injection of a special dye.
lymphoid: Pronunciation: (LIM-foyd)
Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop.
lymphokine-activated killer cell: A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called an LAK cell.
lymphoscintigraphy: Pronunciation: (lim-fo-sin-TIG-ruh-fee)
A method used to identify the sentinel lymph node (the first draining lymph node near a breast tumor). A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the breast tumor, and a doctor follows the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes that have taken up the substance are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if they contain tumor cells.
lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed.
lytic lesion: Destruction of an area of bone due to a disease process, such as breast cancer.
mŸllerian tumor: A rare cancer of the uterus, ovary, or fallopian tubes.
macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
MAGE-3: A gene found in some types of tumors.
magnesium: In medicine, a mineral used by the body to help maintain muscles, nerves, and bones. It is also used in energy metabolism and protein synthesis.
magnetic resonance imaging: Pronunciation: (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing)
MRI. A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. MRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or x-ray. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
magnetic resonance perfusion imaging: A special type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that uses an injected dye in order to see blood flow through tissues. Also called perfusion magnetic resonance imaging.
magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: MRSI. A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (spacial information). Also called 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.
magnetic-targeted carrier: A tiny bead made from particles of iron and carbon that can be attached to an anticancer medication. A magnet applied from outside the body then can direct the medicine to the breast tumor site. This can keep a larger dose of the medicine at the tumor site for a longer period of time, and help protect healthy tissue from the side effects of chemotherapy.
maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep breast cancer in remission.
malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients.
malignancy: A cancerous breast tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant: Pronunciation: (ma-LIG-nant)
Cancerous. Malignant breast tumors can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant ascites: A condition in which fluid containing breast cancer cells collects in the abdomen.
malnutrition: A disorder caused by a lack of proper nutrition or an inability to absorb nutrients from food.
mammary: Having to do with the breast.
mammary dysplasia: Pronunciation: (MA-muh-ree dis-PLAY-zhuh)
A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Also called benign breast disease, fibrocystic breast disease, and fibrocystic breast changes.
mammary gland: Glandular organ located on the chest. The mammary gland is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called a breast gland.
mammogram: Pronunciation: (MAM-o-gram)
An x-ray of the breast.
mammography: Pronunciation: (mam-OG-ra-fee)
The use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast.
mammoplasty: Reconstructive surgery to change the size, shape or position of the breast. A woman may have mammoplasty on a reconstructed breast or to make her unaffected breast look more like her reconstructed breast. Reduction mammoplasty makes the breast smaller; augmentation mammoplasty makes it larger.
Mammotone: A device that uses a computer-guided probe to perform breast biopsies. A Mammotome biopsy can be done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic, removes only a small amount of healthy tissue, and doesn't require sutures (stitches) because the incision is very small.
mantle field: Pronunciation: (MAN-tul)
The area above the diaphragm consisting of the neck, chest, and lymph nodes in the armpit that are exposed to radiation.
manual lymphatic drainage: Also called MLD. A treatment for lymphedema of very light massage that aims to move lymph fluid from the affected limb or area to other parts of the body, so the fluid may be returned to the circulatory system and released through urination.
margin: The edge or border of the tissue removed in breast cancer surgery. The margin is described as negative or clean when the pathologist finds no cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the breast cancer has been removed. The margin is described as positive or involved when the pathologist finds cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the breast cancer has not been removed.
marijuana: A type of plant. Extracts of marijuana are being studied for their ability to control severe nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite caused by chemotherapy and/or opioid medications such as morphine.
marker: A diagnostic indication that disease may develop.
mastectomy: Pronunciation: (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible).
mastitis: An inflammation or bacterial infection of the breast. Mastitis does not necessarily indicate breast cancer.
mastopexy: Surgery to lift a sagging breast. A woman may have mastopexy on the unaffected breast to make it look more like her reconstructed breast.
matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and breast tumor cell metastasis.
mean: A statistics term. The average value in a set of measurements. The mean is the sum of a set of numbers divided by how many numbers are in the set.
mean survival time: The average amount of time that participants in a clinical study remained alive. The time is measured beginning either at diagnosis or the start of treatment.
measurable disease: Any tumor, either the original breast tumor or a metastatic tumor that was caused by the breast cancer, that can be accurately measured in size. This information can be used to judge response to treatment.
medial supraclavicular lymph node: Lymph node located above the collar bone and between the center of the body and a line drawn through the nipple to the shoulder.
median: A statistics term. The middle value in a set of measurements.
median survival time: The time from either diagnosis or treatment at which half of the people with breast cancer are found to be, or expected to be, still alive. In a clinical trial, median survival time is one way to measure how effective a treatment is.
mediastinal pleura: The thin membrane that lines the chest cavity in the area between the lungs.
mediastinoscopy: Pronunciation: (MEE-dee-a-stin-AHS-ko-pee)
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes. The tube is inserted through an incision above the breastbone. This procedure is usually performed to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the right side of the chest.
mediastinum: Pronunciation: (mee-dee-a-STYE-num)
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes.
medical castration: Refers to the use of medications to suppress the function of the ovaries.
medical oncologist: Pronunciation: (MEH-dih-kul on-KOL-oh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating breast cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. A medical oncologist often is the main healthcare provider for someone who has breast cancer. A medical oncologist also gives supportive care and may coordinate treatment given by other specialists.
medullary breast carcinoma: Pronunciation: (MED-yoo-LAIR-ee)
A rare type of breast cancer marked by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in and around the tumor that can be seen when viewed under a microscope.
mega-voltage linear accelerator: MeV linear accelerator. A machine that creates high-energy radiation to treat breast cancer, using electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. Also called linear accelerator or a linac.
meiosis: A special form of cell division that occurs during the formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals. In meiosis, each of the two "daughter cells" receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell.
membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface.
memory: The cognitive process that allows people to recall information or events. Some women experience difficulties with memory as a side effect of breast cancer diagnosis or treatment.
menarche: The first time a young woman has her menstrual period. Menarche before age 12 is a risk factor for developing breast cancer.
menopausal hormone therapy: Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to replace the hormones no longer produced by the ovaries. Also called hormone replacement therapy or HRT.
menopause: Pronunciation: (MEN-uh-pawz)
The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop. A woman is in menopause when she hasn't had a period for 12 months in a row. Pre- and peri-menopausal women who have had breast cancer and received chemotherapy treatment may go into premature menopause. Blood tests that measure the level of follicule-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone can help determine whether menopause is permanent. Also called "change of life."
menorrhagia: Abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding.
menses: The monthly flow of blood that indicates ovulation.
menstrual cycle: Pronunciation: (MEN-stroo-al)
The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.
menstrual period: Pronunciation: (MEN-stroo-al PEER-ee-od)
The periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days, but does not occur during pregnancy.
menstruation: Pronunciation: (MEN-stroo-AY-shun)
Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
mental health counselor: A specialist who can talk with women and their families about emotional and personal matters, and can help them make decisions.
mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue
metabolic: Having to do with metabolism (the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
metabolic acidosis: Pronunciation: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis)
A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream).
metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme.
metabolic therapy: Treatment to correct changes in metabolism that can be caused by disease.
metabolism: The total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes.
metaplasia: A change of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
metaplastic carcinoma: A general term used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type (for example, a squamous cell of the esophagus changing to resemble a cell of the stomach). In some cases, metaplastic changes alone may mean there is an increased chance of cancer developing at the site.
metastasectomy: Pronunciation: (meh-TAS-ta-SEC-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove one or more metastases (tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary breast tumor). When all metastases are removed, it is called a complete metastasectomy.
metastasis: Pronunciation: (meh-TAS-ta-sis)
The spread of breast cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a "metastatic tumor" or a "metastasis." The metastatic breast tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) breast tumor. The plural form of metastasis is metastases (meh-TAS-ta-seez).
metastasize: Pronunciation: (meh-TAS-ta-size)
To spread from one part of the body to another. When breast cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) breast tumor.
metastatic: Pronunciation: (MET-uh-STAT-ik)
Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of breast cancer from one part of the body to another.
metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread from the breast to other parts of the body.
metastatic disease: Cancer that has spread from the breast to other parts of the body.
metasynchronous: Occurring at nearly the same time.
meteorism: Swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or peritoneal cavity. Also called tympanites.
Mexican valerian: Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called valerian, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Pacific valerian, garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix.
microcalcification: Pronunciation: (MY-krow-kal-si-fi-KAY-shun)
A tiny deposit of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that breast cancer is present.
microgram: One millionth of a gram.
micrometastases: Small numbers of breast cancer cells that have spread from the primary breast tumor to other parts of the body and are too few to be picked up in a screening or diagnostic test.
micromolar: Pronunciation: (MY-kroh-MOH-lur)
A concentration of 1/1,000,000 (one millionth) molecular weight per liter (mol/L).
micronutrient: Pronunciation: (MY-kroh-NOO-tree-ent)
A substance the body needs in tiny amounts to grow and stay healthy. Examples are vitamins and minerals.
microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Viruses are sometimes classified as microorganisms, although they are not considered living organisms.
microsatellite: A short sequence of DNA, usually 1 to 4 basepairs (a unit of DNA), that is repeated together in a row along the DNA molecule. There is variation from person to person in the number of repeats. There are hundreds of places in human DNA that contain microsatellites.
microsatellite instability: MSI. A change that occurs in the DNA of certain cells (such as breast tumor cells) in which the number of repeats of microsatellites (short, repeated sequences of DNA) is different than the number of repeats that was in the DNA when it was inherited. The cause of MSI may be a defect in the ability to repair mistakes made when DNA is copied in the cell.
microscopic: Too small to be seen without a microscope.
microwave therapy: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill breast cancer cells or to make breast cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. Also called microwave thermotherapy.
microwave thermotherapy: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill breast cancer cells or to make breast cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. Also called microwave therapy.
milk thistle: A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including stomach, liver, and gallbladder disorders. The active extract of milk thistle seeds is called silymarin. It is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by some cancer treatments. Also called Silybum marianum.
milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000 times smaller than a pound and 28,000 times smaller than an ounce.
milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950 times smaller than a quart and 30 times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same.
millimeter: A measure of length in the metric system. A millimeter is one thousandth of a meter. There are 25 millimeters in an inch.
mindfulness relaxation: A type of meditation based on the concept of being "mindful," or having increased awareness, of the present. It uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress.
mineral: A nutrient required to maintain health.
miraluma test: A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. The Miraluma test is not used for screening, or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called scintimammography and sestamibi breast imaging.
mistletoe: A semiparasitic plant that grows on some types of trees. Mistletoe extracts are being studied as treatments for breast cancer.
mistletoe lectin: A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant and that is being studied as a treatment for breast cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants.
mitigate: To make milder or less painful.
mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also called cell respiration) takes place.
mitosis: A form of cell division that occurs in all of the somatic cells or body cells of mammals. In mitosis, each daughter cell receives the same amount of DNA as the parent cell.
mitotic activity: Having to do with the presence of dividing (proliferating) cells. Cancerous tissue generally has more mitotic activity than normal tissues.
mitotic index: In a population of cells, the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) to the number of cells not undergoing mitosis.
mitotic inhibitor: A medication that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Mitotic inhibitors are used as treatments for breast cancer. Also called antimitotic or antimicrotubule agents and taxanes. Docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are mitotic inhibitors.
modality: A method of treatment. For example, surgery and chemotherapy are treatment modalities.
modified radical mastectomy: Pronunciation: (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, most or all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed. Sometimes the surgeon also removes part of the chest wall muscles.
modulate: To adjust, or change.
molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16).
molecular risk assessment: A procedure in which biomarkers (for example, biological molecules or changes in breast tumor cell DNA) are used to estimate a person's risk for developing breast cancer. Specific biomarkers may be linked to particular types of cancer. For example, CA 15-3 is a biomarker for breast cancer.
molecularly targeted therapy: Substances that kill breast cancer cells by targeting key molecules involved in cancer cell growth.
molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. If they contain more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms.
monoclonal antibody: Pronunciation: (MAH-no-KLO-nul AN-tih-BAH-dee)
A laboratory-produced substance that can locate and bind to specific proteins that reside on the surface of breast cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone to identify abnormal cells and stimulate the immune system, or they can be used to deliver medications, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a breast tumor. For example, trastuzumab (brand name: Herceptin) is one monoclonal antibody that targets the HER2/neu protein on the surface of certain kinds of breast cancer cells.
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: MGUS. A benign condition in which there is a high level of a protein called M protein in the blood. Patients with MGUS are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
monocyte: A type of white blood cell.
morbidity: A disease or the incidence of disease within a population. Morbidity also refers to adverse effects caused by a treatment.
morinda citrifolia: A tropical shrub. An extract from the fruit is being studied as a treatment for breast cancer, and extracts from the fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat other diseases. Also called noni.
morphine: A narcotic medication used in the treatment of pain.
morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life).
motor: In medicine, having to do with the movement of body parts.
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing). A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. MRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or x-ray. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
MRSI: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the shape and size of the breast tumor (spacial information).
mucin/peptide: A protein/sugar compound made by some breast cancer cells.
mucinous: Pronunciation: (MYOO-sin-us)
Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus.
mucinous carcinoma: Pronunciation: (MYOO-sin-us kar-sin-O-ma)
A type of cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and produce mucin (the main component of mucus).
mucosa: The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucous membrane.
mucositis: A complication of some breast cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth.
mucous membrane: Pronunciation: (MYOO-kus)
The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
mucus: Pronunciation: (MYOO-kus)
A thick, slippery fluid made by the membranes that line certain organs of the body, including the nose, mouth, throat, and vagina.
multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution.
multicentric breast cancer: Pronunciation: (mul-tee-SEN-trik)
Breast cancer in which there is more than one tumor, all of which have formed separately from one another. The tumors are likely to be in different quadrants (sections) of the breast. Multicentric breast cancers are rare.
multidisciplinary: In medicine, a term used to describe a treatment planning approach or team that includes a number of doctors and other healthcare professionals who are experts in different specialties (disciplines). In breast cancer treatment, the primary disciplines are medical oncology (treatment with drugs), surgical oncology (treatment with surgery), and radiation oncology (treatment with radiation). Nurses and social workers also are often part of the multidisciplinary team
multidisciplinary opinion: A treatment planning approach in which a number of doctors who are experts in different specialties (disciplines) review and discuss the medical condition and treatment options of a person. In breast cancer treatment, a multidisciplinary opinion may include that of a medical oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with medications), a surgical oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with surgery), and a radiation oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with radiation). Also called a tumor board review.
multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer medications in ways that make the medicines less effective.
multidrug resistance inhibition: Treatment used to make breast cancer cells less resistant to anticancer medications.
multifocal breast cancer: Pronunciation: (mul-tee-FO-kal)
Breast cancer in which there is more than one tumor, all of which have arisen from one original tumor. The tumors are likely to be in the same quadrant (section) of the breast.
multimodality treatment: Therapy that combines more than one method of treatment.
multiplicity: A large number or variety.
multitasking: The cognitive function that allows people to do more than one thing at the same time. Some women affected by breast cancer experience difficulty with multitasking as a side effect of certain treatments.
mung bean: A type of bean grown in warm climates, usually for its seed and for bean sprouts. Mung bean may have anticancer effects.
musculoskeletal: Having to do with muscles, bones, and cartilage.
mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. The changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.
mutation: Any change in the DNA of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. If they occur in cells that make eggs or sperm, they can be inherited; if mutations occur in other types of cells, they are not inherited. Certain mutations may lead to breast cancer or other diseases.
myalgia: Pronunciation: (my-AL-juh)
Pain in a muscle or group of muscles. Myalgia is a side effect of some breast cancer treatments.
myelin: Pronunciation: (MY-eh-lin)
The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves.
myeloablation: A severe form of myelosuppression. Myelosuppression is a condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is a side effect of some breast cancer treatments.
myelosuppression: A condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some breast cancer treatments. When myelosuppression is severe, it is called myeloablation.
myelosuppressive therapy: Treatment that inhibits blood cell production.
myometrium: Pronunciation: (mye-o-MEE-tree-um)
The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
nanogram: A measure of weight. One nanogram weighs a billion times less than one gram, and almost a trillion-times less than a pound.
narcotic: An agent that causes insensibility or stupor; usually refers to opioids given to relieve pain.
natural killer cell: NK cell. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill breast tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called a large granular lymphocyte.
nausea: A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of breast cancer therapy.
nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray.
neck dissection: Pronunciation: (dye-SEK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
necrosis: Pronunciation: (ne-KRO-sis)
Refers to the death of living tissues.
needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid from a breast tumor with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration.
needle localization: A procedure that uses very thin needles or guide wires to mark the location of an abnormal area of breast tissue so it can be surgically removed. An imaging device is used to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Needle localization is used when the doctor cannot feel the mass of abnormal tissue.
needle-localized biopsy: A procedure that uses very thin needles or guide wires to mark the location of an abnormal area of breast tissue so it can be surgically removed. An imaging device is used to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Needle localization is used when the doctor cannot feel the mass of abnormal tissue.
negative axillary lymph node: A lymph node in the armpit that is free of breast cancer.
negative test result: A test result that fails to show breast cancer or another condition for which the test was being done.
neoadjuvant therapy: Pronunciation: (NEE-o-AD-joo-vant)
Treatment given before the primary treatment. Examples of neoadjuvant therapy include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy.
neoplasia: Pronunciation: (NEE-o-PLAY-zha)
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.
neoplasm: Also called tumor. An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous).
nephrotoxic: Poisonous or damaging to the kidney.
nerve: A bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells that make up the nerves.
nerve block: A procedure in which medicine is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain.
nerve cell: A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called a neuron.
neural: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord.
neuro-oncologist: Pronunciation: (NOO-ro-on-KOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating brain tumors and other tumors of the nervous system.
neurobehavioral: Having to do with the way the brain affects emotion, behavior, and learning. Some breast cancer treatments may cause neurobehavioral problems.
neurocognitive: Having to do with the ability to think and reason. This includes the ability to concentrate, remember things, process information, learn, speak, and understand. Some breast cancer treatments may impact neurocognitive functions.
neuroepithelial: Having to do with tissue made up of sensory cells, such as tissue found in the ear, nose, and tongue.
neurofibroma: A benign tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves.
neurologic: Pronunciation: (noor-uh-LOJ-ik)
Having to do with nerves or the nervous system.
neurological exam: A series of questions and tests to check brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person's mental status, coordination, ability to walk, and how well the muscles, sensory systems, and deep tendon reflexes work.
neurologist: Pronunciation: (noo-ROL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
neuroma: Pronunciation: (noo-RO-ma)
A tumor that arises in nerve cells.
neuron: A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called a nerve cell.
neuropathologist: A pathologist who specializes in diseases of the nervous system. A pathologist identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
neuropathy: A problem in peripheral nerve function (any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord) that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, and muscle weakness in various parts of the body. Neuropathies may be caused by physical injury, infection, toxic substances, disease (e.g., cancer, diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition), or anticancer medications. Also called peripheral neuropathy.
neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones.
neuroradiologist: A doctor trained in radiology who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of the nervous system. The pictures are produced using forms of radiation, such as x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.
neurosurgeon: Pronunciation: (NOO-ro-SER-jun)
A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system.
neurotoxicity: The tendency of some breast cancer treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.
neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue.
neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Women affected by breast cancer may experience neutropenia as a side effect of chemotherapy treatment or, less frequently, as a side effect of other treatments or the cancer itself. Neutropenia puts a person at risk for fungal or bacterial infections.
niacinamide: A vitamin being studied to increase the effect of radiation therapy on breast tumor cells. Also called nicotinamide.
nicotiana tabacum: Tobacco. A plant with leaves that have high levels of the addictive chemical nicotine. The leaves may be smoked (in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes), applied to the gums (as dipping and chewing tobacco), or inhaled (as snuff). Tobacco leaves also contain many cancer-causing chemicals, and tobacco use and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke has been linked to many types of cancer and other diseases.
nicotinamide: A vitamin being studied to increase the effect of radiation therapy on breast tumor cells. Also called niacinamide.
nicotine: Pronunciation: (NIH-kuh-TEEN)
An addictive, poisonous chemical found in tobacco. It can also be made in the laboratory. When it enters the body, nicotine causes an increased heart rate and use of oxygen by the heart, and a sense of well-being and relaxation. It is also used as an insecticide.
nipple: In anatomy, the small raised area in the center of the breast through which milk can flow to the outside.
nipple discharge: Fluid coming from the nipple. Nipple discharge does not necessarily indicate breast cancer, but you should discuss it with your healthcare provider.
NK cell: Natural killer cell. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill breast tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called a large granular lymphocyte.
nodal status: Whether lymph nodes tested from the armpit show the presence of breast cancer. If nodes are positive, they contain breast cancer; if they are negative, they do not. The nodal status can help predict the risk of recurrence and help determine treatment options.
node: Also called lymph nodes. Lymph nodes remove waste and fluid from cells that fight infections and cancer.
node-negative: Breast cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes.
node-positive: Breast cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes.
nodular parenchyma: A small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized functions of the gland or organ.
nodule: Pronunciation: (NOD-yool)
A growth or lump that may be cancerous or noncancerous.
nomogram: Pronunciation: (NAH-moh-GRAM)
A mathematical device or model that shows relationships between things. For example, a nomogram of height and weight measurements can be used to find the surface area of a person, without doing the math, to determine the right dose of chemotherapy. Nomograms of the characteristics of a person and a disease can help predict the outcome of some kinds of breast cancer.
nonblinded: Describes a clinical trial or other experiment in which the researchers know what treatments are being given to each individual in the study or experimental group. If human beings are involved, they know what treatments they are receiving.
nonconsecutive case series: A clinical study that includes some, but not all, of the eligible people identified by the researchers during the study registration period. This type of study does not usually have a control group.
nonhematologic cancer: Cancer that does not begin in the blood or bone marrow.
noni: Morinda citrifolia. A tropical shrub. An extract from the fruit is being studied as a treatment for cancer, and extracts from the fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat other diseases.
nonmalignant: Not cancerous.
nonmetastatic: Cancer that has not spread from the breast to other sites in the body.
nonopioid: Amedication that is not an opioid. Examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
nonprescription: A medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's order). Examples include analgesics (pain relievers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. Also called over-the-counter (OTC).
nonrandomized clinical trial: A clinical trial in which the participants are not assigned by chance to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers.
nonspecific immune cell: A cell (such as a phagocyte or a macrophage) that responds to many antigens, not just one antigen.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: NSAID. A medication that decreases fever, swelling, pain, and redness. For example, ibuprofen is an NSAID.
nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor: A medication that decreases the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and slows the growth of breast tumors that need sex hormones to grow. For example, anastrazole (brand name: Arimidex) and letrozole (brand name: Femara).
nontoxic: Not harmful or destructive.
NPO: A Latin abbreviation for "nothing by mouth."
NR-LU-10 antigen: A protein found on the surface of some breast cancers.
NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. A drug that decreases fever, swelling, pain, and redness. For example, ibuprofen is an NSAID.
nuclear grade: An evaluation of the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are in the process of dividing or growing. Breast cancers with low nuclear grade grow and spread less quickly than cancers with high nuclear grade.
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: Pronunciation: (NOO-klee-er mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing)
NMRI. A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. NMRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or X-ray. NMRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
nuclear medicine scan: A method of diagnostic imaging that uses very small amounts of radioactive material. The person is injected with a liquid that contains the radioactive substance, which collects in the part of the body to be imaged. Sophisticated instruments detect the radioactive substance in the body and process that information into an image.
nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth.
nurse: A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.
nurse practitioner: A registered nurse with a master's or doctoral degree. Licensed nurse practitioners are trained to diagnose and manage illness and disease. In some states, NPs can prescribe medications.
nutraceutical: A food or dietary supplement that is believed to provide health benefits.
nutrient: A chemical compound (such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, or minerals) that make up foods. These compounds are used by the body to function and grow.
nutrition: The taking in and use of food and other nourishing material by the body. Nutrition is a 3-part process. First, food or drink is consumed. Second, the body breaks down the food or drink into nutrients. Third, the nutrients travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are used as "fuel" and for many other purposes. To give the body proper nutrition, a person has to eat and drink enough of the foods that contain key nutrients.
nutritionist: A health professional with special training in nutrition who can help with dietary choices. Also called a dietitian.
obese: Having an abnormally high, unhealthy amount of body fat.
objective improvement: An improvement that can be measured by the healthcare provider (for example, when a tumor shrinks or there are fewer breast cancer cells in the blood).
objective response: A measurable response.
observation: Closely monitoring a person's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called watchful waiting.
observational study: A type of study in which individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).
obstruction: Blockage of a passageway.
obtundation: Pronunciation: (ob-tun-DAY-shun)
A dulled or reduced level of alertness or consciousness.
occupational therapist: A health professional trained to help people who are ill or disabled learn to manage their daily activities.
off-label: Describes the legal use of a prescription drug to treat a disease or condition for which the drug has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity.
omentectomy: Surgery to remove part or all of the omentum.
omentum: Pronunciation: (oh-MEN-tum)
A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen.
Ommaya reservoir: Pronunciation: (o-MY-a REZ-er-vwahr)
A device surgically placed under the scalp and used to deliver anticancer medication to the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. For example, HER2/neu is an oncogene.
oncologist: Pronunciation: (on-KOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation.
oncology: The study of cancer.
oncology clinical nurse specialist: A registered nurse with a master's degree in oncology nursing who cares for people affected by breast cancer. Oncology clinical nurse specialists may prepare and provide treatment, monitor ongoing health, prescribe medications and give supportive care.
oncology nurse: A nurse who specializes in treating and caring for people who have cancer.
oncology pharmacy specialist: A person who works with an oncologist to prepare anticancer medication.
oncology social worker: A social worker with a master's degree who specializes in providing social services to people affected by breast cancer. Oncology social workers provide counseling, supply information on resources, help with financial concerns, work with family members, answer questions about housing and child care and help out with many non-medical related concerns of women and families affected by breast cancer.
onset of action: The length of time it takes for a medicine to start to work.
oophorectomy: Pronunciation: (o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. Because the ovaries are a primary source for estrogen in pre-menopausal women, some women affected by or at risk for breast cancer may have the option of oopherectomy to lower their risk for developing or recurrent disease.
open biopsy: A procedure in which a surgical incision (cut) is made through the skin to expose and remove tissues. The biopsy tissue is examined under a microscope by a pathologist. An open biopsy may be done in the doctor's office or in the hospital, and may use local anesthesia or general anesthesia. A lumpectomy to remove a breast tumor is a type of open biopsy.
open label study: A type of study in which both the health providers and the participants are aware of the medication or treatment being given.
operable: Describes a breast cancer that can be treated by surgery.
opiate: A medication used to treat pain. It contains opium or a substance made from opium (such as morphine).
opioid: A medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Opioids are similar to opiates such as morphine and codeine, but they do not contain and are not made from opium.
opportunistic infection: An infection caused by an organism that does not normally cause disease. Opportunistic infections occur in people with weakened immune systems.
oral: By or having to do with the mouth.
organ: A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
organism: A living thing, such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus.
osmolality: The concentration of particles dissolved in a fluid. The osmolality of serum can help diagnose several medical conditions such as dehydration, diabetes, and shock.
osmotic: Pronunciation: (ahz-MAH-tik)
Having to do with osmosis (the passage of a liquid through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution). This makes the concentrations in both solutions more equal.
osteitis deformans: A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of bone are increased. Osteitis deformans occurs most frequently in the pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures. Also called Paget's disease of bone.
osteolytic: Causing the breakdown of bone.
osteonecrosis of the jaw: Also called "dead jaw," jaw necrosis. Painful exposed bone in the jaw. Women who undergo radiation or chemotherapy or who receive steroids as part of breast cancer treatment are at increased risk for this condition. Women who take bisphosphonates may also be at risk for jaw necrosis.
osteoporosis: Pronunciation: (OSS-tee-oh-pa-ROW-sis)
A condition that is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, causing bones to become fragile. Some breast cancer treatments put women at higher risk for developing osteoporosis.
OTC: Over-the-counter. A medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's order). Examples include analgesics (pain relievers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. Also called nonprescription.
ounce: A measure of weight (one-sixteenth pound) and volume (one-eighth cup).
outpatient: A person who visits a healthcare facility for diagnosis or treatment without spending the night. Sometimes called a day patient.
ovarian: Having to do with the ovaries, the female reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
ovarian ablation: Surgery, radiation therapy, or a medical treatment to stop the functioning of the ovaries. Also called ovarian suppression. Because the ovaries are a primary source for estrogen in pre-menopausal women, some women affected by or at risk for breast cancer may have the option of ovarian ablation to lower their risk for developing or recurrent disease.
ovarian cancer: Cancer that originates in the ovaries. Women who test positive for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation are at higher risk than the general population for developing breast and ovarian cancer.
ovarian damage: Also called amenorrhea. Damage to the ovaries as a result of certain breast cancer treatments that may impact a woman's fertility, particularly women who are pre- and peri-menopausal.
ovarian epithelial cancer: Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries.
ovarian function: The normal work of the ovaries can be carried out. Pre- and peri-menopausal women may experiences changes to normal ovarian function as a side effect of certain breast cancer treatments. Tests for follicle-simulating hormone or FSH can measure whether the ovaries are functioning normally.
ovarian suppression: Surgery, radiation therapy, or a drug treatment to stop the functioning of the ovaries. Also called ovarian ablation. Because the ovaries are a primary source for estrogen in pre-menopausal women, some women affected by or at risk for breast cancer may have the option of ovarian suppression to lower their risk for developing or recurrent disease.
ovarian tissue: Tissue belonging to the ovary, fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs that function to produce cells that allow eggs to grow. Research is being conducted to see whether implanting ovarian tissue can help women at risk for losing fertility as a result of breast cancer treatment.
ovary: Pronunciation: (O-va-ree)
One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Ovaries are a primary source or estrogen in pre-menopausal women.
over-the-counter: OTC. A medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's order). Examples include analgesics (pain relievers) such as aspirin and acetaminophen. Also called nonprescription.
overall survival: The percentage of participants in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Also called the survival rate.
overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. For example, some breast cancers overexpress the HER2/neu protein. Knowing whether a breast cancer overexpresses this protein may help in understanding treatment options.
overweight: Being too heavy for one's height. Excess body weight can come from fat, muscle, bone, and/or water retention. Being overweight does not always mean being obese.
ovulation: Pronunciation: (ov-yoo-LA-shun)
The release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle.
oxidation: Process in which molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons.
oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism.
oxidative stress: A condition in which antioxidant levels are lower than normal. Antioxidant levels are usually measured in blood plasma.
P-value: A statistics term that describes the probability that a difference seen between groups during an experiment happened by chance. For example, a p-value of .01 (p = .01) means there is a 1 in 100 chance the result seen occurred by chance. The lower the p-value, the more likely that the difference between groups was caused by treatment and not by chance.
p53 gene: This gene is referred to as a tumor suppressor gene; it functions to inhibit the growth of tumors. This gene is altered in many types of cancer, including breast cancer.
Pacific valerian or Valeriana officinalis: The roots of the pacific valerian plant are used in complementary medicine as a sedative and a treatment for other medical conditions. It is currently being studied as a way to improve sleep in people undergoing cancer treatment. Other names include: Valerian, Garden valerian, Indian valerian, Mexican valerian, Garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix.
Paget's disease of the nipple: This is a rare form of breast cancer in which the tumor grows from the milk ducts that lie directly underneath the nipple. Symptoms commonly include itching, burning, and an eczema-like condition around the nipple, sometimes accompanied by oozing or bleeding.
Pain patch: An adhesive patch that may be attached to the skin to deliver pain medications normally delivered orally or by an intravenous (IV) pump. The medication is released over a period of days into the bloodstream. A pain patch can be prescribed after breast cancer surgery or to a person in chronic pain.
Pain threshold: The point at which a person becomes aware of the sensation of pain.
Palliative care (PAL-ee-yuh-tiv) or Palliative therapy (PAL-ee-yuh-tiv): Care or treatment given to improve the quality of life of people who have cancer. The goal of palliative care is to relieve the symptoms and reduce the suffering caused by cancer. Palliative cancer therapies are not intended to cure the disease but to provide symptom relief at any time from diagnosis, through treatment, survivorship, disease recurrence, and at the end of life. Also called comfort care,
Palpable disease: A term used to describe cancer that can be felt by touch. In breast cancer, a palpable lump or mass is usually felt in the breast, lymph nodes, or skin.
Palpation: Examination by pressing on the surface of the body with the hands and fingers to feel the breast or tissues underneath.
Panacea: A cure-all.
Papillary serous carcinoma: An aggressive cancer that usually affects the uterus/endometrium, peritoneum, or ovary.
Papillary tumor: Pronunciation: (PAP-ih-lar-ee TOO-mer)
A tumor shaped like a small mushroom, with its stem attached to the epithelial layer (inner lining) of the breast.
Paracentesis: Pronunciation: (PAYR-uh-sen-TEE-siss)
A procedure in which a thin needle or tube is put into the abdomen to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity (the space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver).
Parageusia or dysgeusia: A bad taste in the mouth. Taste changes can be a side effect of some breast cancer treatments.
Paraneoplastic syndrome: Pronunciation: (pair-a-nee-o-PLAS-tik)
Groups of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some breast cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue.
Parathyroid gland: Pronunciation: (PA-ruh-THY-royd)
One of four pea-sized glands found on the thyroid. The parathyroid hormone produced by these glands increases the calcium level in the blood.
Parathyroid hormone (PA-ruh-THY-royd HORE-mone), parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium.
Parenteral nutrition, hyperalimentation or total parenteral nutrition: Pronunciation: (TPN)
A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. Parenteral nutrition does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of ongoing vomiting, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins, and minerals a person needs using parenteral nutrition.
Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. Paresthesias may result from several different chemotherapy drugs.
Partial hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the uterus only. When the uterus and part or the entire cervix is removed, it is called a total hysterectomy.
Partial mastectomy: Pronunciation: (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
The surgical removal of a portion of the breast as well as a small amount of breast tissue that contains and surrounds the tumor.
Partial oophorectomy: Pronunciation: (o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove part of one ovary or part of both ovaries.
Partial remission or partial response: The measurable decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of breast cancer as a result or response to treatment.
Pathologic fracture: A broken bone caused by disease, often by the spread of breast cancer to the bone.
Pathological staging: A method used to determine the stage of breast cancer. Tissue samples are removed during surgery or a biopsy and the stage is determined based on how the cells in the samples look under a microscope.
Pathologist: Pronunciation: (pa-THOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in identifying the cellular components of breast tissue and diagnosing specific diseases by examining cells and tissues under a microscope.
Pathology report: The description of cells and tissues made by a pathologist based on microscopic evidence, The pathology report identifies the presence or absence of tumor cells in the tissue sample.
Patient advocate: A person who assists and individual with breast cancer to better coordinate their interactions with the health care system. A patient advocate can help resolve issues with health care, medical bills, and job discrimination related to a person's diagnosis. Cancer advocacy groups try to raise public awareness about important cancer issues, such as the need for cancer support services, education, and research. Patient advocacy groups work to bring about changes that will help people affected by breast cancer and their families.
Patient-controlled analgesia: Pronunciation: (PCA)
A method in which the person controls the amount of pain medicine that is used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of pain medicine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to a small tube in the body.
PCR or Polymerase chain reaction: A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific DNA sequence.
Peau d'orange: A dimpled condition of the skin of the breast, resembling the skin of an orange, sometimes found in inflammatory breast cancer.
Pectoral muscles: The muscles attached to the front of the chest wall and upper arms. In rare cases, breast cancer may spread to these muscles.
Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family.
Pelvic: Having to do with the pelvis (the lower part of the abdomen located between the hipbones).
Pelvic exam: A physical examination of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum.
Pelvic exenteration: Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder, and create stomata (openings) through which urine and stool are passed out of the body. In women, the cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed.
Pelvic lymphadenectomy: Pronunciation: (lim-FAD-eh-NEK-tah-me)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes in the pelvis for examination under a microscope to see if they contain cancer.
Pelvic wall: The muscles and ligaments that line the pelvis (the part of the body between the hipbones).
Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hipbones.
Penicillin: Medication that is used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of medications called antibiotics.
Performance status: A measure of how well a person is able to perform ordinary tasks and carry out daily activities.
Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: A special type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that uses an injected dye in order to see blood flow through tissues. Also called magnetic resonance perfusion imaging.
Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause.
Perineural: Pronunciation: (pear-ih-NOOR-al)
This refers to the area around a nerve or group of nerves.
Perioperative: Pronunciation: (PER-ee-AH-pruh-tiv)
This refers to the period surrounding a surgical procedure. This usually lasts from the time the person goes into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time she goes home.
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body.
Peripheral blood smear: A procedure in which a sample of blood is viewed under a microscope to count different circulating blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, etc.) and see whether the cells look normal.
Peripheral neuropathy: A condition of the nervous system that causes numbness, tingling, burning or weakness. It usually begins in the hands or feet, and can be caused by certain breast cancer medications.
Peripheral stem cell: An immature cell found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells.
Peripheral stem cell support (per-IF-er-al) (PSCS) or peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT): A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given to the patient after treatment. This helps the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called peripheral stem cell transplantation.
Peritoneum: Pronunciation: (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um)
The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen.
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). Peritonitis can result from infection, injury, or certain diseases. Symptoms may include swelling of the abdomen, severe pain, and weight loss.
Pernicious anemia: Pronunciation: (per-NISH-us a-NEE-mee-a)
A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12.
PET scan or Positron emission tomography scan: A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because breast cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.
Petechiae: Pronunciation: (peh-TEH-kee-a)
Areas of tiny almost pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding.
Phagocyte: This is one of several immune system cells which function is to surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages.
Phantom limb pain: The sensation of pain or other unpleasant feelings in the place of a missing (phantom) limb.
Pharmacokinetics: The activity of medications in the body over a period of time, including the processes by which they are absorbed, distributed in the body, localized in the tissues, and excreted.
Pharmacopoeia: A book describing chemicals, medications, and other substances and how they are used as medicines. A recognized authority prepares it.
Phase I trial: The first step in testing a new treatment in human beings. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection) and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of the treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of participants who have not been helped by other treatments.
Phase II detoxification: A process in which the liver uses one of two major enzyme pathways to change a toxic substance, such as an anticancer medication, into a less toxic substance that is easier for the body to excrete. In phase II detoxification, liver cells add a substance (such as cysteine, glycine, or a sulfur molecule) to a toxic chemical or drug, to make it less harmful.
Phase II trial: A study to test whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a breast tumor or improves blood test results) and whether it works against a certain type of cancer.
Phase III trial: A study to compare the results of people taking a new treatment with the results of people taking the standard treatment (for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people.
Phase IV trial: After a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial.
Phlebitis: The inflammation of a vein. Phlebitis may result from chemotherapy administration, which can irritate small fragile veins.
Phlebotomy: The puncture of a vein with a needle for drawing blood. Also called venipuncture.
Phosphorus-32: A radioactive form of phosphorus used in the treatment of breast cancer. It is also used to help locate areas of DNA damage.
Photoactivity: The effect produced when certain substances are exposed to light. In breast cancer treatment, some medicines become active when exposed to light and are then able to kill tumor cells.
Photodynamic therapy: Pronunciation: (foe-toe-dye-NAM-ik)
Treatment with medicines that become active when exposed to light. These medications kill breast cancer cells.
Photophobia: Pronunciation: (FOH-toh-FOH-bee-uh)
A condition in which the eyes are more sensitive than normal to light.
Phyllodes tumor or cystosarcoma phyllodes: A type of tumor found in breast tissue. It is often large and bulky and grows quickly. It is usually benign (not cancer), but may be malignant (cancer).
Physical examination: An exam of the body to check for general signs of disease.
Physical therapist: A health professional who teaches exercises and physical activities that help condition muscles and restore strength and movement.
Physical therapy: The use of exercises and physical activities to help condition muscles and restore strength and movement. For example, physical therapy can be used to restore arm and shoulder movement and build back strength after breast cancer surgery.
Physician: Medical doctor.
Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.
Phytic acid (FY-tik ASS-id) or Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6): A substance found in many foods that come from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans, and in large amounts in cereals and legumes. It is being studied in the prevention of breast cancer. Also called
Phytochemical: Pronunciation: (FY-toh-KEH-mih-kuhl)
A substance found in plants. Some phytochemicals may reduce the risk of breast cancer.
Phytoestrogen: An estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Phytoestrogens may have anticancer effects.
Phytosterol or Plant sterol: A plant-based compound that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines, resulting in lower blood cholesterol levels. Phytosterols may have some effect in breast cancer prevention. Also called
Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair.
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment.
Pituitary gland: Pronunciation: (pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee)
The main endocrine gland located in the brain. It produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth.
Placebo: An inactive substance or treatment that looks the same as, and is given the same way as, an active medication or treatment being tested. The effects of the active medication or treatment are compared to the effects of the placebo.
Placebo-controlled: Refers to a clinical study in which the participants in the control group receive a placebo.
Placenta: The organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus.
Plaque: In medicine, a small, abnormal patch of tissue on a body part or an organ. Plaques may also be a build-up of substances from a fluid, such as cholesterol in the blood vessels.
Plasma: Pronunciation: (PLAS-ma)
The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma.
Plasma cell: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
Plasma membrane: The outer membrane of a cell.
Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for breast cancer. Plastic surgeons perform reconstructive surgeries for women affected by breast cancer.
Plastic surgery: An operation that restores or improves the appearance of body structures, such as the breast.
Platelet (PLATE-let) or Thrombocyte: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.
Platinum (Brand name: Platinol) and Carboplatin (Brand name: Paraplatin).: A metal that is an important component of some anticancer medications, such as cisplatin.
Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei.
Pleura: Pronunciation: (PLOOR-a)
A thin layer of tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity. It protects and cushions the lungs. This tissue secretes a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the lungs to move smoothly in the chest cavity while breathing.
Pleural cavity: The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
Pleural effusion: An abnormal collection of fluid between the thin layers of tissue (pleura) lining the lung and the wall of the chest cavity.
Pleurodesis: Pronunciation: (PLOO-ro-DEE-sis)
A medical procedure that uses chemicals or medications to cause inflammation and adhesion between the layers of the pleura (the tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity). This prevents the buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity. It is used as a treatment for severe pleural effusion.
Ploidy: Pronunciation: (PLOY-dee)
The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets.
Pluripotent: Able to mature or develop in any of several ways.
Pluripotent stem cell: A cell that is able to develop into several different types of cells or tissues in the body.
Pneumonia: Pronunciation: (noo-MONE-ya)
An inflammatory infection that occurs in the lung.
Polymorphism: A common variation or mutation in DNA.
Polyphenol: A substance that is found in many plants and gives some flowers, fruits, and vegetables their color. Polyphenols have antioxidant activity.
Polyphenon(r) E: A substance that is being studied in the prevention of breast cancer. It is made from decaffeinated green tea, and contains chemicals called catechins, which are antioxidants. Also called green tea extract.
Port or Port-a-cath: An implanted (underneath the skin) intravenous (empties into a vein) device through which blood may be withdrawn and breast cancer medications may be infused without repeated needle sticks.
Positive axillary lymph node: A lymph node in the area of the armpit (axilla) to which breast cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present.
Positive test result: A test result that reveals the presence of breast cancer.
Postmenopausal: Having to do with the time after menopause. Menopause ("change of life") is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently.
Postoperative: The period immediately after surgery.
Potassium (po-TASS-ee-um) Chemical symbol K+: A metallic element that is important in body functions such as regulation of blood pressure maintaining water content of cells, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction, and heartbeat. All cells of the body require some amount of potassium to function.
Potentiation: In medicine, the effect of increasing the potency or effectiveness of a medication or other treatment. Many times, when two different chemotherapy agents are combined together the are stronger when each is used separate in sequence.
Precancerous (pre-KAN-ser-us) or Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become breast cancer.
Preclinical study: Research using animals to find out if a medicine, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Preclinical studies take place before any testing in human beings is done.
Predictive factor: Pronunciation: (pre-DIK-tiv)
A situation or condition that may assist in determining the type of therapy that would be most effective in treating the cancer. Predictive factors in breast cancer include hormone receptor status and level of differentiation of the cancer.
Predictor: A situation or condition that can assist in estimating a person's risk of developing breast cancer and their response to specific therapies
Predisposition: When a woman may be more susceptible to developing breast cancer under certain conditions. For example, a woman with a family history of breast cancer may be more likely to develop breast cancer than a woman who does not have a family history.
Pregnancy: A condition of time when a woman carries a developing embryo in the uterus.
Premenopausal: Before menopause. Menopause ("change of life") is the time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop permanently.
Prescription: A doctor's order for medicine or another intervention.
Prevascular space: The area in the front part of the chest between the lungs. Also called anterior mediastinum.
Prevention: Pronunciation: (pree-VEN-shun)
In medicine, action taken to decrease the chance of developing breast cancer. For example, breast cancer prevention includes avoiding risk factors (such as smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise) and increasing protective factors (such as getting regular physical activity, staying at a healthy weight, and having a healthy diet).
preventive mastectomy: Pronunciation: (pree-VEN-tiv ma-STEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before disease develops. Also called preventive mastectomy.
Primary care doctor: A doctor who manages a person's health care over time. A primary care doctor is able to give a wide range of care, including prevention and treatment, can discuss treatment choices, and can refer a person to a specialist.
Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins.
Primary site or primary tumor: The area where the cancer begins. In breast cancer, the primary site is the breast, even if the cancer spreads to other areas of the body.
Progeny: Offspring; the product of reproduction or replication.
Progesterone: Pronunciation: (pro-JES-ter-own)
A female sex hormone which functions include assisting in the thickening of the uterine lining before pregnancy.
Progesterone receptor (proh-JES-tuh-rone) (PR): A protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some breast cancer cells. The hormone progesterone will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow.
Progesterone receptor assay: A test to determine whether a breast cancer depends on the hormone progesterone to grow.
Progesterone receptor negative: Pronunciation: (PR-)
Breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR- do not need the hormone progesterone to grow and usually do not respond to hormonal therapy.
Progesterone receptor positive: Pronunciation: (PR+)
Breast cancer cells that have a protein (receptor molecule) to which progesterone will attach. Breast cancer cells that are PR+ need the hormone progesterone to grow and will usually respond to hormonal therapy aimed at eliminating progesterone from circulation.
Progesterone receptor test: A lab test to determine if breast cancer cells have progesterone receptors. If the cells have progesterone receptors, they may depend on progesterone for growth. This information can influence how the breast cancer is treated.
Progestin: Pronunciation: (pro-JES-tin)
Any natural or laboratory-made substance that has some or all of the biologic effects of progesterone, a female hormone.
Prognosis: Pronunciation: (prog-NO-sis)
The likely outcome or course of the breast cancer. May be referred to as the prognosis of recovery or the prognosis of recurrence.
Prognostic factor: Pronunciation: (prog-NOS-tik)
A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a person, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery breast cancer or the chance of it recurring (coming back). These include the size of the breast tumor, the number of lymph nodes involved and if the disease has spread beyond the lymph nodes.
Prognostic tool: A test or measure that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from or recurrence of breast cancer.
Programmed cell death or apoptosis: A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death. This is the body's normal way of getting rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of programmed cell death may be blocked in breast cancer cells.
Progression: Increase in the size of a breast tumor or spread of breast cancer in the body.
Progression-free survival: Pronunciation: (PFS)
One type of measurement that can be used in a clinical study or trial to help determine whether a new treatment is effective. It refers to the probability (usually measure in time) that a person will remain alive, without the breast cancer getting worse.
Progressive disease: Pronunciation: (PD)
Breast cancer that is growing, spreading, or getting worse.
Prolactin: A hormone released from the pituitary gland that starts milk production.
Proliferating: Multiplying or increasing in number. In biology, cell proliferation occurs by a process known as cell division.
Proliferative index: A measure of the number of cells in a breast tumor that are dividing (proliferating). May be used with the S-phase fraction to give a more complete understanding of how fast a breast tumor is growing.
Prophylactic: In medicine, something that prevents or protects disease from developing.
Prophylactic cranial irradiation: Pronunciation: (pro-fih-LAK-tik KRAY-nee-ul ir-ray-dee-AY-shun)
Radiation therapy to the head to reduce the risk that breast cancer will spread to the brain.
Prophylactic mastectomy: Pronunciation: (PROH-fuh-LAK-tik ma-STEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before disease develops. Also called preventive mastectomy.
Prophylactic oophorectomy: Pronunciation: (pro-fi-LAK-tik o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops.
Prophylactic surgery: Surgery to remove an organ or gland that shows no signs of cancer, in an attempt to prevent development of cancer of that organ or gland. People who know they are at high risk for developing breast or ovarian cancer sometimes choose prophylactic surgery.
Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent a specific action, occurrence or disease.
Prospective: In medicine, a study, or clinical trial in which participants are identified and then followed forward in time.
Prospective cohort study: A research study that follows over time groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) and compares them for a particular outcome (such as breast cancer).
Prosthesis: Pronunciation: (pros-THEE-sis)
An artificial device that replaces a portion of the body. A breast form, worn under clothing is used to replace a breast removed by mastectomy.
Protease inhibitor: A compound that interferes with the ability of certain enzymes to break down proteins. Some protease inhibitors can keep a virus from making copies of itself (for example, AIDS virus protease inhibitors), and some can prevent breast cancer cells from spreading.
Proteasome inhibitor: A medication that blocks the action of proteasomes. A proteasome is a large protein complex that helps destroy other cellular proteins when they are no longer needed. Proteasome inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of breast cancer.
Protective factor: Pronunciation: (proh-TEK-tiv FAK-ter)
Something that may decrease the chance of developing breast cancer by offering a form of defense or immunity. Some examples of protective factors for breast cancer are regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and following a healthy diet.
Protein: Pronunciation: (PRO-teen)
A molecule made up of amino acids that are needed for the body to function properly. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and hair and of substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies.
Protein kinase C (PROH-teen KY-nayz) or PKC: An enzyme found throughout the body's tissues and organs. Several forms of PKC are involved in many cellular functions. PKC is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer.
Proteomic profile: An evaluation of proteins in a sample of blood. This may help detect early breast cancer or cancer recurrence, or help predict response to treatment.
Proteomics: The study of the structure and function of proteins, including the way they work and interact with each other inside cells.
Protocol: An action plan for a clinical trial. The plan states what the study will do, how, and why. It explains how many people will be in it, who is eligible to participate, what study agents or other interventions they will be given, what tests they will receive and how often, and what information will be gathered.
Proton: A small, positively charged particle of matter found in the atoms of all elements. Streams of protons generated by special equipment can be used for radiation treatment.
Proton beam radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (... ray-dee-AY-shun ...)
A type of radiation therapy that uses protons generated by a special machine. A proton is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from an x-ray.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which provides information about the shape and size of the breast tumor (spacial information). Also called magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.
Psychologist: A specialist who talks with people and families regarding emotional and personal matters surrounding the diagnosis of breast cancer. They assist in helping them work through various concerns and help them make decisions.
Pulmonary: Referring to the lungs.
Pump: A device that is used to deliver a precise amount of medicine at a specific rate. Chemotherapy may be delivered with an infusion pump to allow for a controlled rate of flow of the medication.
Punch biopsy: Pronunciation: (BY-op-see)
The removal of a small disk-shaped sample of breast tissue using a sharp, hollow device. The tissue is then examined under a microscope.
Purple clover, Trifolium pratense, red clover, or wild clover: A plant whose flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied in the relief of menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects.
Q10: A substance found in most body tissues, and in many foods. It can also be made in the laboratory. Q10 is used by the body to produce energy for cells, and as an antioxidant. It is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer and in the relief of side effects caused by some breast cancer treatments. Also called coenzyme Q10, CoQ10, vitamin Q10, and ubiquinone.
quadrantectomy: Surgical removal of breast tissue (approximately one quarter) containing breast cancer cells.
quality of life: The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials assess the effects of cancer and its treatment on the quality of a person's life. These studies measure aspects of an individual's sense of well-being and ability to carry out various activities.
R2 technology: The use of special computer software, or computer-aided detection, to help radiologists interpret a mammogram. R2 technology may be used to look more closely at a mammogram.
radiation: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
Energy released in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, and medical x-rays. Radiation therapy, a treatment for some types of breast cancers, refers to the use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill breast cancer cells and shrink tumors.
radiation fibrosis: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun fye-BRO-sis)
The formation of scar tissue as a result of radiation therapy treatments for breast cancer.
radiation nurse: A healthcare professional who specializes in caring for people who are receiving radiation therapy for the treatment of breast cancer
radiation oncologist: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun on-KOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in using radiation therapy for the treatment of breast cancer.
radiation physicist: A specialist who makes sure that the radiation machine delivers the right amount of radiation to the correct site in the body. The physicist works with the radiation oncologist to select the treatment schedule and dose that has the best chance of killing the most breast cancer cells.
radiation surgery: A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly to the breast tumor while sparing the healthy breast tissue. Also called radiosurgery and stereotactic external beam irradiation.
radiation therapist: A healthcare professional who gives radiation treatments.
radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun THER-ah-pee)
The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill breast cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near breast cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy.
radical hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, and part of the vagina. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.
radical lymph node dissection: A surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes located in the underarm area (axillary area) that drain lymph from the area around a breast tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope by a pathologist to see if breast cancer cells have spread to them.
radical mastectomy: Pronunciation: (RAD-ih-kul mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast tissue, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this was the breast cancer operation used most often, but it is used rarely now. Doctors consider radical mastectomy only when the tumor has spread to the chest muscles. Also called the Halsted radical mastectomy.
radioactive: Pronunciation: (RAY-dee-o-AK-tiv)
Giving off radiation.
radioactive drug: A medication containing a radioactive substance that is used in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The medicaton can be used for pain management of bone cancer metastases. Also called a radiopharmaceutical.
radioactive iodine: Pronunciation: (RAY-dee-o-AK-tiv EYE-uh-dine)
A radioactive form of iodine, often used for imaging tests and sometimes for breast cancer. For imaging tests, the person takes a small dose of radioactive iodine that collects in breast tumors and can be detected by a scanner. Radioactive iodine is also used in internal radiation therapy for prostate cancer, intraocular (eye) melanoma, and carcinoid tumors like breast cancer. The radioactive iodine is given by infusion or sealed in seeds, which are surgically placed in or near the breast tumor to kill cancer cells.
radioactive seed: A small, radioactive pellet that is surgically placed in or near a breast tumor. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material decays (breaks down).
radiofrequency ablation: The use of electrodes to heat and destroy abnormal tissue.
radioimmunoguided surgery: A surgical procedure that uses radioactive substances to locate breast tumors so that they can be removed by the surgeon.
radioimmunotherapy: Treatment with a radioactive substance that is linked to an antibody that will attach to the breast tumor when injected into the body.
radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for breast cancer.
radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance.
radiologic exam: A test that uses radiation or other imaging procedures to find signs of breast cancer or other abnormalitiesin the body, for example, chest x-ray or mammogram.
radiologic technologist: A trained healthcare professional who puts individuals in the correct position for x-rays, mammograms or ultrasounds, takes the pictures, develops them and ensures their high quality.
radiologist: Pronunciation: (RAY-dee-OL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are produced with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.
radiology: The use of radiation (such as x-rays) or other imaging technologies (such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging or MRI) to diagnose or treat disease.
radionuclide scanning: Pronunciation: (RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide)
A test that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The person is given an injection or swallows a small amount of radioactive material; a machine called a scanner then measures the radioactivity in certain organs.
radiopharmaceutical: A medication containing a radioactive substance that is used in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and in pain management of bone cancer metastases. Also called a radioactive drug.
radiosensitization: The use of a medication that makes breast tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.
radiosensitizer: A medication that makes breast tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.
radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly to the breast tumor while sparing the healthy tissue. Also called radiation surgery and stereotactic external beam irradiation.
radiotherapy: Pronunciation: (RAY-dee-oh-THAYR-uh-pee)
The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill breast cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiotherapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiation therapy.
randomization: When referring to an experiment or clinical trial, the process by which animal subjects or human beings are assigned by chance to separate study groups that compare different treatments or other interventions. Randomization gives each participant an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups.
randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate study groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the person's choice to participate in a randomized clinical trial.
rapid-onset opioid: An opioid medication that relieves pain quickly. Opioids are medications similar to opiates such as morphine and codeine but do not contain and are not made from opium.
ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause breast cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer.
ras peptide: Pronunciation: (rass PEP-tide)
A short piece of the ras protein, which is made by the ras gene. The ras gene has been found to cause breast cancer when it is mutated (changed).
rattlesnake root: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugwort, and bugbane.
RAV12: A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. It binds to a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule that is found on gastric, colon, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, breast, and kidney cancer cells.
RBC: Red blood cell. A cell of the body that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocyte.
receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. There are several different kinds of receptors involved in some breast cancers, including estrogen and progesterone receptors.
recombinant: Made through genetic engineering, which is also called gene splicing or recombinant DNA technology. By putting animal or plant genes into the genetic material of bacteria or yeast cells, these microorganisms can be turned into "factories" to make proteins for medical uses.
reconstructive surgeon: A doctor who can surgically reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body, such as a woman's breast after surgery for breast cancer.Also called plastic surgeon.
reconstructive surgery: Surgery that is done to reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body changed by previous surgery, such as remodeling and constructing a breast after a mastectomy for breast cancer treatment.
recur: To occur again.
recurrence: Breast cancer that has returned after a period of time. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) breast tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrent cancer.
recurrent cancer: Breast cancer that has returned after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) breast tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrence.
red blood cell: RBC. A cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Also called an erythrocyte.
red clover: Trifolium pratense. A plant whose flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied in the relief of menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects. Also called purple clover and wild clover.
red date: The fruit of the jujube plant. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.
red elm: Ulmus fulva or Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called slippery elm, gray elm, Indian elm, and sweet elm.
refractory: In medicine, describes a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment.
refractory cancer: Breast cancer that does not respond to treatment. The cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment or it may become resistant during treatment. Also called resistant cancer.
regeneration: In biology, regrowth of damaged or destroyed tissue or a body part.
regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of breast cancer treatment.
regional: In oncology, describes the body area right around a breast tumor.
regional cancer: Refers to breast cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues.
regional chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with anticancer medications directed to the area of the breast.
regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a breast tumor.
regional lymph node dissection: A surgical procedure to remove some of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a breast tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.
regression: A decrease in the size of a breast tumor or in the extent of breast cancer in the body.
rehabilitation specialist: A healthcare professional who helps people recover from breast cancer surgery or injury and return to daily life. Examples of rehabilitation specialists are physical therapists and occupational therapists.
relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of breast cancer after a period of improvement.
relative survival rate: A specific measurement of survival. For breast cancer, the rate is calculated by adjusting the survival rate to remove all causes of death except breast cancer. The rate is determined at specific time intervals, such as 2 years and 5 years after diagnosis.
relaxation technique: A method used to reduce tension and anxiety, and control pain. Some people affected by breast cancer use relaxation techniques to help manage pain or cope with stress during treatments.
remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of breast cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although breast cancer still may be in the body.
remission induction therapy: Initial treatment with anticancer medications to cause complete disappearance of detectable breast cancer cells.
remote brachytherapy: A type of internal radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy or high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy.
replicate: To make a copy or duplicate of something.
reproductive cell: An egg or sperm cell. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes.
reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries (eggs), the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix (opening to the vagina), and the vagina (birth canal).
resectable: Pronunciation: (ree-SEK-tuh-bul)
Able to be removed by surgery.
resected: Removed by surgery.
resection: Pronunciation: (ree-SEK-shun)
A procedure that uses surgery to remove breast tissue or part or all of the breast.
residual disease: Breast cancer cells that remain after attempts with surgeryto remove the cancer have been made.
resistant cancer: Breast cancer that does not respond to treatment. The cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment, or it may become resistant during treatment. Also called refractory cancer.
resorption: A process in which a substance is lost by being destroyed and then absorbed by the body.
response: In medicine, an improvement related to breast cancer treatment.
response rate: The percentage of people whose breast cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment.
resting: In biology, refers to a cell that is not actively dividing.
resveratrol: A substance found in the skins of grapes and in certain other plants, fruits, and seeds. It is made by various plants to help defend against invading fungi, stress, injury, infection, and too much sunlight. It is being studied in the prevention of breast cancer and heart disease. It belongs to the families of medications called antioxidants and polyphenols.
retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound.
retinol: Vitamin A, a nutrient essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied in the prevention of breast cancer. It belongs to the family of medications called retinoids.
retroperitoneal: Pronunciation: (REH-troh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul)
Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).
retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place.
retrospective cohort study: A research study in which the medical records of groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) are compared for a particular outcome (such as breast cancer). Also called a historic cohort study.
retrospective study: A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called a case-control study.
rhubarb: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called da-huang, Chinese rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two types of nucleic acids found in all cells associated with protein synthesis. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transmits genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell.
ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor: A family of anticancer medications that interfere with the growth of tumor cells by blocking the formation of deoxyribonucleotides (building blocks of DNA).
risk assessment: Using statistical methods to measure an individual's risk for developing breast cancer in their lifetime. Breast cancer risk assessment should be undertaken with the assistance of a physician or a qualified healthcare professional, such as a genetics counselor.
risk factor: Something that may increase the chance of developing breast cancer. Some examples of risk factors for breast cancer include age, a family history, use of tobacco products, certain eating habits, obesity, lack of exercise, exposure to radiation or other cancer-causing agents, hormones and certain genetic changes.
RNA: Ribonucleic acid. One of the two types of nucleic acids found in all cells for protein synthesis. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA transmits genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell.
S-phase fraction: One measure of a test that aids in determining prognosis is called flow cytometry. S-phase is a measure of the percentage of breast cancer cells in a breast tumor that are in the DNA synthesis, or "S" phase of the cell cycle. The S-phase fraction helps to give a more complete understanding of how fast a breast tumor is growing.
saline: A solution of salt and water.
salpingo-oophorectomy: Pronunciation: (sal-PIN-go o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)
Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
salvage therapy: Treatment that is given after the breast cancer has not responded to other treatments.
sarcoma: A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Breast sarcomas are very rare.
scalpel: Pronunciation: (SKAL-pul)
A small, thin knife used for surgery.
scan: A picture of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring breast cancer include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans, positron emission tomograhy (PET) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body
schedule: In clinical trials, the step-by-step plan for how participants are to be treated; for example, which medicines are to be given, the order and method by which they are to be given, the length of time of each infusion, the amount of time between courses, and the total length of treatment.
scintimammography: A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. Scintimammography is not used for screening, or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called Miraluma test and sestamibi breast imaging.
screening: Checking for breast cancer when there are no symptoms.
screening mammogram: X-rays of the breasts taken to check for breast cancer in the absence of signs or symptoms.
second primary cancer: Refers to a new, unrelated breast cancer in a person who has previously been diagnosed with breast cancer. It is not a spread or recurrence of the first breast cancer.
second-line therapy: Treatment that is given when initial breast cancer treatment (first-line therapy) doesn't work, or stops working.
second-look surgery: Surgery performed after primary treatment to determine whether tumor cells remain.
secondary cancer: A term that is used to describe either a new primary breast cancer or breast cancer that has spread from the breast to other parts of the body.
segmental mastectomy: Pronunciation: (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
The removal of cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor. Usually some of the lymph nodes under the arm are also taken out. Also called partial mastectomy.
selection bias: An error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a study. Ideally, the participants in a study should be very similar to one another and to the larger population from which they are drawn (for example, all individuals with the same disease or condition). If there are important differences, the results of the study may not be valid.
selective estrogen receptor modulator (sel-EK-tiv ESS-tro-jen re-SEP-tor MOD-yew-lay-tor) SERM.: A type of medicine used to treat estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. It works by acting like estrogen on some tissues but blocking the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) and raloxifene (brand name: Evista) are SERMs.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: SSRI. A type of medicine that is used to treat depression. SSRIs slow the process by which serotonin (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another) is reused by nerve cells that make it. This increases the amount of serotonin available for stimulating other nerves. Some SSRIs are under investigation to treat menopause-related hot flashes.
selenium: An essential dietary mineral. Studies are ongoing to see if selenium can help prevent or slow cancer growth.
sensitivity: When referring to a medical test, sensitivity refers to the percentage of people who test positive for a specific disease among a group of people who have the disease. No test has 100 percent sensitivity because some people who have the disease will test negative for it (false negatives).
sentinel lymph node: The first lymph node in the armpit, or axilla, that breast cancer is likely to spread from the primary breast tumor. When breast cancer spreads, the cancer cells most likely appear first in the sentinel node before spreading to other lymph nodes.
sentinel lymph node biopsy: Removal and examination of the sentinel node(s) (the first lymph node (s) to which breast cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary breast tumor). To identify the sentinel lymph node(s), the surgeon injects a radioactive substance, blue dye, or both near the tumor. The surgeon then uses a scanner to find the sentinel lymph node(s) containing the radioactive substance or looks for the lymph node(s) stained with dye. The surgeon then removes the sentinel node(s) to check for the presence of breast cancer cells.
sentinel lymph node mapping: The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify the first lymph node to which breast cancer is likely to spread from the primary breast tumor. Cancer cells may appear first in the sentinel node before spreading to other lymph nodes and other places in the body.
SERM Selective estrogen receptor modulator: A medicine that acts like estrogen on some tissues but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) and raloxifene (brand name: Evista) are SERMs.
serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase: SGPT. An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, breast cancer, or other diseases. Also called alanine transferase.
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase: SGOT. An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, breast cancer, or other diseases. Also called aspartate transaminase.
serum tumor marker test: A blood test that measures substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer growth, or by the cancer itself.
sestamibi breast imaging: A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect breast cancer cells in some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. Sestamibi breast imaging is not used for screening, or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called scintimammography and Miraluma test.
severe myelosuppression: Severe reduction in the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow. Severe myelosuppression is a side effect of some breast cancer treatments. Also called myeloablation.
SGOT: Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. An enzyme found in the liver, heart, and other tissues. A high level of SGOT released into the blood may be a sign of liver or heart damage, breast cancer, or other diseases. Also called aspartate transaminase.
SGPT: Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase. An enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. A high level of SGPT released into the blood may be a sign of liver damage, breast cancer, or other diseases. Also called alanine transferase.
shock: A medical condition in which the body cannot supply enough oxygen to meet its needs. Shock is a life-threatening condition. Shock also means any kind of trauma or surprise that causes distress or disbelief, such as with a diagnosis of breast cancer.
side effect: A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of breast cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.
significant: In statistics, describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. A difference is said to be significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. Also called statistically significant. In breast cancer clinical trials, researchers measure the success of a proposed treatment if the results are significant or statistically significant in favor of the new treatment versus the standard treatment.
silicone: A synthetic gel that is used as an outer coating on breast implants and as the inside filling of some implants.
silybum marianum: A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including stomach, liver, and gallbladder disorders. The active extract of Silybum marianum seeds is called silymarin. It is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by some breast cancer treatments. Also called milk thistle.
silymarin: A substance obtained from milk thistle seeds that is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by certain breast cancer treatments.
simple mastectomy: Removal of the breast, but not the axillary lymph nodes. Also called total mastectomy.
simulation: A process used to plan radiation therapy after breast cancer surgery so that the target area is precisely located and marked.
single blind study: A type of clinical trial in which only the researcher knows whether a person is taking standard treatment or new treatment being tested. This helps prevent bias in treatment studies.
single-photon emission computed tomography: SPECT. A special type of computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in which a small amount of a radioactive medication is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to make detailed images of areas inside the body where the radioactive material is taken up by the cells. SPECT can give information about blood flow to tissues and chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body.
skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of humans are made of bone and/or cartilage.
skin stimulation: The process of applying pressure, friction, temperature change, or chemical substances to the skin to lessen or block a feeling of pain.
sleep: A natural state of rest. Some women affected by breast cancer experience sleep disruptions as a result of the diagnosis or treatment.
slippery elm: Ulmus fulva or Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called gray elm, Indian elm, red elm, and sweet elm.
social worker: A professional trained to talk with people and their families about emotional or physical needs, and to find them support services.
sodium: A mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in balance. Sodium is found in table salt and in many processed foods. Too much sodium can cause the body to retain water.
soft diet: A diet consisting of bland foods that are softened by cooking, mashing, pureeing, or blending.
soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body.
solid tumor: A lump of breast tissue that is not fluid-filled. Solid breast tumors may be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas.
sonogram: Pronunciation: (SON-o-gram)
A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs. It is used to evaluate breast abnormalities that are found on mammograms, or to evaluate a breast lump.
soy, soya or soybean: A plant of Asian origin that produces beans used in many food products. Soy products contain isoflavones (estrogen-like substances) that are being studied for the prevention of breast cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Soy products in the diet may lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Its safety for use after a diagnosis of breast cancer is currently being studied.
SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography. A special type of computed tomography (CT) scan in which a small amount of a radioactive medicine is injected into a vein and a scanner is used to make detailed images of areas inside the body where the radioactive material is taken up by the cells. SPECT can give information about blood flow to tissues and chemical reactions (metabolism) in the body.
spiculated mass: Pronunciation: (SPIK-you-lay-ted ...)
An abnormal finding on a mammogram that appears as a dense region with lines that radiate from its center.
spine: The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spine encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and vertebral column.
spiral CT scan: A detailed picture of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. Also called helical computed tomography.
SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. A type of medicine that is used to treat depression. SSRIs slow the process by which serotonin (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another) is reused by nerve cells that make it. This increases the amount of serotonin available for stimulating other nerves.Some SSRIs are being studied to treat menopause-related hot flashes.
St. Benedict's thistle: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. St. Benedict's thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called blessed thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
St. John's wort: Hypericum perforatum, an herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for depression. It is being studied for its ability to lessen certain side effects of breast cancer treatment.
stable disease: Breast cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity.
Stage: The extent of a breast cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain breast cancer, and whether the breast cancer has spread from the breast to other parts of the body.
stage I breast cancer: The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has not spread outside the breast.
stage II breast cancer: Stage II is divided into stage IIA and stage IIB based on tumor size and whether it has spread to the axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm). In stage IIA, the cancer is either no larger than 2 centimeters and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes, or between 2 and 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes. In stage IIB, the cancer is either between 2 and 5 centimeters and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes, or larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.
stage IIA breast cancer: Stage II breast cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast, but cancer is found in the axillary (under the arm) lymph nodes; or (2) the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes; or (3) the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.
stage IIB breast cancer: Stage II breast cancer is divided into stages IIA and IIB. In stage IIB, (1) the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the axillary (under the arm) lymph nodes; or (2) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.
stage III breast cancer: Stage III is divided into stages IIIA and IIIB. In stage IIIA breast cancer, the cancer (1) is smaller than 5 centimeters (2 inches) and has spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit, which have grown into each other or into other structures and are attached to them; or (2) is larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit. In stage IIIB breast cancer, the cancer (1) has spread to tissues near the breast (skin, chest wall, including the ribs and the muscles in the chest); or (2) has spread to lymph nodes inside the chest wall along the breast bone.
stage IIIA breast cancer: Stage III breast cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, (1) no tumor is found in the breast, but cancer is found in axillary (under the arm) lymph nodes that are attached to each other or to other structures; or (2) the tumor is 5 centimeters or smaller and has spread to axillary lymph nodes that are attached to each other or to other structures; or (3) the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to axillary lymph nodes that may or may not be attached to each other or to other structures.
stage IIIB breast cancer: Stage III breast cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIB, the cancer may be any size, has spread to tissues near the breast (the skin or chest wall, including the ribs and muscles in the chest), and may have spread to lymph nodes within the breast or under the arm.
stage IIIC breast cancer: Stage III breast cancer is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to lymph nodes beneath the collarbone and near the neck; and may have spread to lymph nodes within the breast or under the arm and to tissues near the breast.
stage IV breast cancer: Breast cancer has spread to other organs of the body, most often the bones, lungs, liver, or brain.
staging: Pronunciation: (STAY-jing)
Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the breast cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the breast to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.
standard of care: Medical treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Healthcare providers are obligated to provide the standard of care. Also called standard therapy or best practice.
standard therapy: Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Healthcare providers are obligated to provide standard therapy. Also called standard of care or best practice.
statin: Pronunciation: (STA-tin)
Any of a group of medicines that lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood. Statins inhibit a key enzyme that helps make cholesterol. Statin medications are being studied in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. Also called significant. In breast cancer clinical trials, researchers measure the success of a proposed treatment if the results are significant or statistically significant in favor of the new treatment versus the standard treatment.
stem cell: A cell from which other types of cells develop. Blood cells develop from blood-forming stem cells.
stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by breast cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment, usually high doses of chemotherapy, to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells.
stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open.
stereotactic biopsy: Pronunciation: (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BY-op-see)
A biopsy procedure that uses a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device to take small samples of breast tissue from an abnormal area identified on mammogram for examination under a microscope.
stereotactic injection: A procedure in which a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device are used to inject anticancer medication directly into a breast tumor.
sterile: Pronunciation: (STER-il)
Unable to produce children. Also means free from germs.
steroid drug: Pronunciation: (STAIR-oyd)
A type of medicine used to relieve swelling and inflammation. Some steroid medicines may also have antitumor effects.
steroid therapy: Treatment with corticosteroid medicines to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation.
study agent: A medicine, vitamin, mineral, food supplement, or a combination of them that is being tested in a clinical trial.
subcutaneous: Beneath the skin.
subcutaneous port: A tube surgically placed into a blood vessel and attached to a disk placed under the skin. It is used for the administration of intravenous fluids and breast cancer medications; it can also be used to obtain blood samples.
subjective improvement: An improvement that is reported by the person, but cannot be measured by the healthcare provider (for example, "I feel better").
subset analysis: In a clinical study, the evaluation of results for some but not all of the people who participated. The selected participants have one or more characteristics in common, such as the same stage of disease or the same hormone receptor status.
supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet.
support group: A group of people with breast cancer who meet to discuss how better to cope with their disease and treatment.
supportive care: Care given to improve the quality of life of people who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of supportive care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of the disease, side effects caused by treatment of the disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to the disease or its treatment. Also called palliative care, comfort care, and symptom management.
supraclavicular lymph node: A lymph node located above the clavicle (collarbone).
surgeon: A doctor who removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on people.
surgery: Pronunciation: (SER-juh-ree)
A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.
surgical castration: Surgical removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy) to stop the production of sex hormones. Decreasing the levels of hormones may stop the growth of certain breast cancers.
surgical oncologist: A doctor who performs biopsies and other surgical procedures on people with breast cancer.
survival rate: The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis. This is commonly expressed as 5-year survival.
sweet elm: Ulmus fulva or Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called slippery elm, gray elm, Indian elm, and red elm.
symptom: An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
symptom management: Care given to improve the quality of life of people who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of symptom management is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of the disease, side effects caused by treatment of the disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to the disease or its treatment. Also called palliative care, comfort care, and supportive care.
symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease.
syndrome: Pronunciation: (SIN-drome)
A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease.
synergistic: Pronunciation: (SIH-ner-JIS-tik)
The interaction of two or more medicines when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each medicine is given alone.
syringe: A small hollow tube used for injecting or withdrawing liquids. It may be attached to a needle in order to withdraw fluid from the body or inject medicines into the body.
systemic: Pronunciation: (sis-TEM-ik)
Affecting the entire body.
systemic chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (sis-TEH-mik kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with anticancer medications that travel through the blood to cells all over the body.
systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body.
systemic radiation: Pronunciation: (sis-TEH-mik ray-dee-AY-shun)
Treatment with a radioactive substance, such as a radioactively labeled monoclonal antibody, that travels through the blood to cells all over the body.
systemic therapy: Pronunciation: (sis-TEH-mik THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment using substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body.
T cell: One type of white blood cell that attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and breast cancer cells. T cells also produce a number of substances that regulate the immune response.
tachycardia: Rapid beating of the heart, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.
tachypnea: Rapid breathing.
TAG-72 antigen: A protein/sugar complex found on the surface of many cancer cells, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cells.
tailored therapy: Also called targeted therapy. A type of treatment that uses medicines or other substances to identify and attack specific breast cancer cells without harming normal cells. A monoclonal antibody is a type of tailored therapy.
tamoxifen: Pronunciation: (ta-MOK-si-FEN)
A medicine used to treat breast cancer, and to prevent it in women who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. It belongs to the family of medicines called antiestrogens.
targeted therapy: Also called tailored therapy. A type of treatment that uses medicines or other substances to identify and attack specific breast cancer cells without harming normal cells. A monoclonal antibody is a type of targeted therapy.
taxane: A medicine that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Taxanes are used as treatments for breast cancer. Also called antimitotic or antimicrotubule agents or mitotic inhibitors. Docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are taxanes.
technetium Tc 99m dextran: A radiolabeled substance that is used in breast cancer diagnosis.
technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid: A radiolabeled substance that is used to help identify sites of breast tumor development.
telangiectasia: Pronunciation: (tel-AN-gee-ek-TAY-zha)
The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes.
terminal disease: Breast cancer that cannot be cured and ultimately will cause death.
test: Download insight_summer2005.pdf
testimonial: Information provided by an individual who feels she has been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature.
testosterone: Pronunciation: (tes-TOS-ter-own)
A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.
thalamus: Pronunciation: (THAL-a-muss)
An area of the brain that helps process information from the senses and transmit it to other parts of the brain.
therapeutic: Pronunciation: (THAYR-uh-PYOO-tik)
Having to do with treating disease and helping healing take place.
therapy: Treatment.
thermal ablation: A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus.
thermography: In medicine, a procedure in which a heat-sensing infrared camera is used to record the surface heat produced by different parts of the body. Abnormal tissue growth can cause temperature changes, which may show up on the thermogram. Thermography may be used to diagnose breast cancer and other tumors.
third-line therapy: Treatment that is given when both initial breast cancer treatment (first-line therapy) and subsequent treatment (second-line therapy) don't work, or stop working.
thoracentesis: Pronunciation: (thor-a-sen-TEE-sis)
Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs.
thoracic: Pronunciation: (thor-ASS-ik)
Having to do with the chest.
thoracoscopy: The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the chest.
thoracotomy: Pronunciation: (thor-a-KAH-toe-mee)
An operation to open the chest.
throat: Pronunciation: (throte)
The hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). The throat is about 5 inches long, depending on body size. Also called the pharynx.
thrombocyte: Pronunciation: (THROM-bo-site)
A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called a platelet.
thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood that may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues.
thrombosis: Pronunciation: (throm-BOW-sis)
The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
thrush: A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of breast cancer chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called Candidiasis or Candidosis.
time to progression: A measure of time after breast cancer is diagnosed (or treated) until it starts to get worse. Time to progression often is used as a measure in clinical trials to study the effectiveness of a treatment.
tin Sn 117m DTPA: A radioactive chemical being studied to treat bone pain associated with breast cancer.
tissue: Pronunciation: (TISH-oo)
A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
tissue flap reconstruction: A type of breast reconstruction in which a flap of tissue is surgically moved from another area of the body to the chest, and formed into a new breast mound.
TM: Transcendental meditation. A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve quality of life. Some women affected by breast cancer practice transcendental meditation to help them manage side effects and the emotional impacts of the disease.
TNF: Tumor necrosis factor. A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease).
TNFerade: A gene therapy product that is being studied in combination with radiation therapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
TNM staging system: A system for describing the extent of cancer in a person's body. T describes the size of the tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).
tomography: Pronunciation: (tuh-MAH-gra-fee)
A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.
topical: On the surface of the body.
topical chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (TAH-pih-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with anticancer medicines in a lotion or cream applied to the skin.
topoisomerase inhibitor: Pronunciation: (TOH-poh-i-SAH-muh-raze)
A substance that blocks topoisomerase enzymes, which are involved in DNA structure and cell growth. Certain topoisomerase inhibitors are used to treat some types of breast cancer.
total estrogen blockade: Therapy used to eliminate estrogen in the body. This may be done with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these procedures.
total hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called complete hysterectomy.
total mastectomy: Pronunciation: (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Removal of the breast. Also called simple mastectomy.
total nodal irradiation: Radiation therapy to the mantle field (the neck, chest, and lymph nodes in the armpit), the spleen, the lymph nodes in the upper abdomen, and the lymph nodes in the pelvic area.
total parenteral nutrition: TPN. A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. Total parenteral nutrition does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of vomiting that won't stop, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins and minerals a person needs using total parenteral nutrition. Also known as hyperalimentation or parenteral nutrition.
totipotent: Having to do with cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body.
toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects.
toxicity: The degree to which a substance may be harmful or poisonous to the body. The toxicity of a medication may often be seen in its side effects. In clinical trials, researchers study the toxicity of anticancer medications.
toxin: A poison produced by certain animals, plants, or bacteria.
TPN: Total parenteral nutrition. A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. TPN does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of vomiting that won't stop, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins and minerals a person needs using TPN. Also known as hyperalimentation or parenteral nutrition.
trace element: A chemical found in very small amounts in a given substance. Organisms need certain trace elements to survive.
tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures.
trach tube: A 2-inch- to 3-inch-long curved metal or plastic tube placed in a surgically created opening (tracheostomy) in the windpipe to keep it open. Also called a tracheostomy tube.
trachea: Pronunciation: (TRAY-kee-uh)
The airway that leads from the larynx to the lungs. Also called the windpipe.
TRAM flap: A type of breast reconstruction surgery in which tissue and muscle are removed from the lower abdomen (a "tummy tuck") and used to rebuild the breast. Also called transrectal abdominal muscle surgery.
transabdominal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the organs in the abdomen. The ultrasound device is pressed firmly against the skin of the abdomen. Sound waves from the device bounce off tissues and create echoes. A computer uses the echoes to make a picture called a sonogram.
transcendental meditation: TM. A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve quality of life. Some women affected by breast cancer practice transcendental meditation to help them manage side effects and the emotional impacts of the disease.
transcription: In biology, the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a sequence of DNA that is a gene.
transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation: TENS. A technique in which mild electric currents are applied to some areas of the skin by a small power pack connected to two electrodes.
transdermal: Through the skin.
transformation: The change that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant.
transfusion: Pronunciation: (trans-FYOO-zhun)
The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed.
transrectal abdominal muscle surgery: TRAM flap surgery. A type of breast reconstruction surgery in which tissue and muscle are removed from the lower abdomen (a "tummy tuck") and used to rebuild the breast.
transvaginal sonography: Pronunciation: (tranz-VA-jih-nul soh-NAH-gruh-fee)
TVS. A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs inside the pelvis. These sound waves create echoes that are sent to a computer, which creates a picture called a sonogram. Also called transvaginal ultrasound.
transvaginal ultrasound: Pronunciation: (tranz-VA-jih- nul UL-tra-SOWND)
A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs inside the pelvis. These sound waves create echoes that are sent to a computer, which creates a picture called a sonogram. Also called transvaginal sonography (TVS).
trauma: An emotional response to an unexpected event, often triggered some time after the initial unexpected event. For example, some women affected by breast cancer will feel trauma after completing treatment because they hear or see something that reminds them of the diagnosis or treatment.
Traumeel(r) S: A substance that contains minerals and extracts of 14 plants, including belladonna, arnica, St. John's wort, and Echinacea. It is being studied as a mouth rinse treatment for oral mucositis (painful mouth sores) caused by breast cancer therapy. It is known as a homeopathic remedy.
treatment field: In radiation therapy, the place on the body where the radiation beam is aimed.
trephine: Pronunciation: (TREE-fine)
A surgical tool used to cut out circular pieces of bone or other tissue.
Trifolium pratense: Pronunciation: (try-FOH-lee-um pray-TEN-see)
A plant whose flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied in the relief of menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects. Also called red clover, purple clover, and wild clover.
trigeminal nerve: The main sensory nerve of the head and face, and the motor nerve of the muscles used in chewing. Also called the fifth cranial nerve.
tubal ligation: Pronunciation: (TOO-bul lye-GAY-shun)
An operation to tie the fallopian tubes closed. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
tubefeeding: A type of enteral nutrition (nutrition that is delivered into the digestive system in a liquid form). For tubefeeding, a small tube may be placed through the nose into the stomach or the small intestine. Sometimes it is surgically placed into the stomach or the intestinal tract through an opening made on the outside of the abdomen, depending on how long it will be used. People who are unable to meet their needs with food and beverages alone, and who do not have vomiting or uncontrollable diarrhea may be given tubefeedings. Tubefeeding can be used to add to what a person is able to eat or can be the only source of nutrition.
tumor: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer)
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Breast tumors may be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). Also called neoplasm.
tumor antigen vaccine: Pronunciation: (... AN-tih-JEN ...)
A vaccine made of breast cancer cells, parts of breast cancer cells, or pure breast tumor antigens (substances isolated from tumor cells). A tumor antigen vaccine may stimulate the body's immune system to find and kill cancer cells.
tumor block: A small portion of tissue from the biopsy site that has been preserved in wax for microscopic analysis or review.
tumor board review: A treatment planning approach in which a number of doctors who are experts in different specialties (disciplines) review and discuss breast cancer and a person's treatment options . In breast cancer treatment, a tumor board review may include that of a medical oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with medicine), a surgical oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with surgery), and a radiation oncologist (who provides breast cancer treatment with radiation). Also called a multidisciplinary opinion.
tumor burden: Refers to the number of breast cancer cells, the size of a tumor, or the amount of cancer in the body. Also called tumor load.
tumor debulking: Surgically removing as much of the breast tumor as possible.
tumor initiation: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer ih-NIH-shee-AY-shun)
A process in which normal cells are changed so that they are able to form breast tumors. Substances that cause breast cancer can be tumor initiators.
tumor load: Refers to the number of breast cancer cells, the size of a breast tumor, or the amount of breast cancer in the body. Also called tumor burden.
tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of tumor marker may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer) and CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers). Also called biomarker.
tumor model: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer MAH-dul)
Cells, tissues, or animals used to study the development and progression of breast cancer, and to test new treatments before they are given to human beings. Animals with transplanted human tumors or other tissues are called xenograft models.
tumor necrosis factor: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer ne-KRO-sis)
A type of biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Three types of tumor necrosis factor have been identified: alpha, beta, and gamma. Tumor necrosis factor seems to play a role in the breakdown of breast cancer cells.
tumor promotion: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer pruh-MOE-shun)
A process in which existing breast tumors are stimulated to grow. Tumor promoters are not able to cause breast tumors to form.
tumor suppressor gene: Pronunciation: (TOO-mer suh-PREH-ser jeen)
A type of gene unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring) that helps control cell growth. Blocking the action of tumor suppressor genes may lead to breast cancer.
tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own breast tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor.
tumor-specific antigen: A protein or other molecule that is unique to breast cancer cells or is much more abundant in them. These molecules are usually found in the plasma (outer) membrane, and they are thought to be potential targets for immunotherapy or other types of anticancer treatment.
Turkish rhubarb: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, da-huang, Chinese rhubarb, and Indian rhubarb.
TVS: Transvaginal sonography. A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs inside the pelvis. These sound waves create echoes that are sent to a computer, which creates a picture called a sonogram. Also called transvaginal ultrasound.
tympanites: Swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or peritoneal cavity. Also called meteorism.
ubiquinone: A substance found in most tissues in the body, and in many foods. It can also be made in the laboratory. It is used by the body to produce energy for cells, and as an antioxidant. It is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer and in the relief of side effects caused by some breast cancer treatments. Also called coenzyme Q10, Q10, CoQ10, and vitamin Q10.
ulcer: Pronunciation: (UHL-ser)
A break on the skin or on the surface of an organ. An ulcer forms when the surface cells die and are cast off. Ulcers may be associated with breast cancer and other diseases.
ulceration: The formation of a break on the skin or on the surface of an organ. An ulcer forms when the surface cells die and are cast off. Ulcers may be associated with breast cancer and other diseases.
Ulmus fulva: Ulmus rubra. The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called slippery elm, gray elm, Indian elm, red elm, and sweet elm.
Ulmus rubra</